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媒体:紧跟美国欧洲,日本也用这个议题挑衅中国

2016-12-09 07:33:22   侠客岛

因为针对中国的反倾销调查,是选择以替代国为样本的,因此中国产品被征收反倾销税的可能性就异常提高。过去十几年间,这大大损害了中国企业和工人的权益——WTO的统计数据显示,2000-2014年间以中国为对象的反倾销措施达到638件,数量占全球的27%;以欧盟为例,目前有效的73项反倾销措施中,有56项针对中国。

更不公平的是,完全市场经济国家可以选择替代国来对非市场经济国家进行反倾销调查,但反过来却不行——中国如果想进行反倾销调查,不允许选择替代国为样本。

换句话说,明明其他国家在搞贸易保护主义,结果却往往变成了“中国在倾销”,并且为之买单。


筹码


那么,如何评判一个国家是否是市场经济?

欧盟和美国的认定标准有所区别。欧盟是从市场的作用、会计标准、商业自由程度、立法、汇率自由度等五个方面来进行评判的,而美国则以货币可兑换程度、设立外资企业自由度、国有经济比重以及美国认为合适的其他判断因素为标准。

但是,要注意,上述这些标准更多是学术意义上的,在实际应用中,这些标准具有相当大的“弹性”。比如,欧盟和美国就承认瑞士、乌克兰、俄罗斯、印度等国具有完全市场经济地位。可是,瑞士的金融行业缺少透明度,乌克兰、俄罗斯、印度等国国内市场的状况如何,我们也心知肚明。

更为奇怪的是,欧洲等找到的理由,很多时候是诸如“中国国企在经济中占比太高”等。但即使在欧盟内部,如法国,它的国有经济所占的比重都是很高的,像法国电信、法国邮政、法国航空等行业巨头皆为国有。换句话说,这是很明显的“双重标准”。

再来看俄罗斯获得完全市场经济地位的时间点:2002年。在这一年,欧盟和美国突然先后承认俄罗斯完全市场经济的地位。彼时的俄罗斯经济状况不提也罢,欧盟和美国的这一举动,也很难从经济上去加以解释。

所以,“完全市场经济地位”的认定,在很多时候并不简单是一个经济上的问题,它虽然披着一个经济的外壳,却有着一个政治的内核,并且反复成为各国勒在中国脖子上、随时准备用来做交易的政治筹码。

比如美国,在历次与中国的战略对话中,都会以这个问题作为关键的筹码,逼迫中国在人民币汇率、美国国债等问题上做出让步。这也是为什么我们在十多年前就开始进行谈判,美国也无数次声明会尽快承认中国的市场经济地位的情况下,却最终都会无果的原因。

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