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媒体:空气污染已被世卫组织列为一类致癌物

2016-11-29 09:55:09   

雾霾来了哪些人群更该警惕

国家卫生计生委公布的数据显示,目前我国肺癌发病率以每年26.9%的速度增长,近几十年来,每10到15年,肺癌患者人数就会增加一倍。我国第三次居民死亡原因调查结果也显示,肺癌死亡率在过去30年间上升了465%,取代肝癌成为我国致死率最高的恶性肿瘤。

国际癌症研究机构数据显示,全球2010年因肺癌死亡患者中,有22.3万人与大气污染直接相关。2013年,世界卫生组织把“室外空气污染”列为一类致癌物。

空气污染对我国居民具体影响如何?2016国家环境与健康研讨会作为第九届中国环境与健康宣传周活动的一部分,北京大学公共卫生学院研究员吴少伟在会上说,研究发现,空气污染短期(几天)内会导致人的血压升高、心率异常,发生急性心梗、中风等心血管急性事件,还有因心血管疾病入院,甚至死亡等;长期处于空气污染中,会导致心血管疾病发病,甚至死亡,动脉粥样硬化、高血压等。

资料图:雾霾笼罩北京

“空气污染会导致呼吸系统、心脑血管等疾病。”吴少伟说。

中国气象局京津冀环境气象预报预警中心工程师孙兆彬做了“沙尘天气、非沙尘天气下颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)对心血管疾病入院人次的影响”的具体分析。他说,我国西北地区沙尘天气频发,研究表明该地区人群的心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病发病率与沙尘天气的出现关系密切。

根据颗粒物日均浓度值与心脑血管疾病日入院人次增加百分比研究发现,随着PM2.5浓度等级提升,即空气质量从优、良、轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染和严重污染,与之对应的心脑血管疾病日入院人次增加百分比分别为2.5%、3%、4.7%、6.5%、4.5%和13.7%;随着PM10浓度等级的提升,与之对应的心脑血管疾病日入院人次增加百分比分别为0.2%、1.9%、4.2%、9.3%、6%和1%。

“研究雾霾对人体健康的影响,更多体现为研究大气中多种污染物和气象要素对健康影响的协同效应。”孙兆彬说,沙尘天气出现时主要是粗粒子,即悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、PM10等浓度显著增加,细粒子PM浓度相对较低。研究沙尘天气对人体健康的影响,主要研究以矿物元素为主要成分的粗粒子对人体健康的影响;非沙尘天气下,大气中颗粒物主要是由工业、交通、生活排放,以及气态污染物与粒子之间的转化所形成,所研究的主要是PM2.5、PM10等颗粒物本身及其有害负载物对人体健康的影响。

“通过非沙尘天气下,优、良、轻度污染等空气质量的6个等级健康效应,PM10的健康影响有先上升后下降的趋势,并参考入院人次增加百分比,都说明PM2.5对人体的危害更大。”孙兆彬说,雾霾期间,PM2.5等细粒子浓度明显升高,超细粒子PM1在气溶胶中的比例以及黑碳气溶胶的浓度都显著升高。“霾天气对心脑血管疾病的影响具有滞后效应,滞后1天或2天;并随着雾霾天气的加重,对人群心脑血管疾病危害也越大。”

大气污染或是新生儿先心病重要病因

比表面积,是指单位质量物料所具有的总表面积。苏州大学公共卫生学院副教授陈涛认为,PM2.5粒径小于2.5微米,由于比表面积大,可吸附多种对人体有害的物质,能进入血液循环影响心脏发育。

“PM2.5有机提取物的构成复杂,因含有多环芳烃(PAHs)等致癌和致畸物质而受到极大的关注。”陈涛说,我国每年有近120万出生缺陷的新生儿,由于心脏发育异常导致的先天性心脏病位居首位。目前约80%的先天性心脏病病因未明,越来越多的证据表明,包括大气污染在内的环境因素是引起先天性心脏病的重要原因。

陈涛说,对部分市区大气中PM2.5有机组分研究发现,其中含有16种多环芳烃。毒性很大的苯并BkF和BaP占比较高。利用斑马鱼胚胎和人胚胎干细胞研究发现,多环芳烃等PM2.5增强人胚胎干细胞中的芳香烃受体(AHR)表达,抑制Wnt信号通路,进而影响心脏发育相关基因表达,引起斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育畸形、心率降低等。

“接下来,我们还应进一步识别大气污染物中影响心血管健康的关键成分及其污染来源,开展前瞻性队列研究,明确大气污染对我国人群心血管疾病发病/死亡的长期影响;明确大气污染防控致污染水平降低,是否有显著的心血管健康效益等,为大气污染具体防控措施的调整提供理论依据。”吴少伟说。

据介绍,我国也正在制定“十三五”环境与健康规划,到2020年,环境与健康工作的系统化、科学化、法制化、精细化和信息化水平将得到显著提高。

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