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霾从何来? 院士:京津冀单位面积煤耗是全球30倍

2016-12-25 13:47:34   

原标题:京津冀单位面积煤耗是全球平均值三十倍中国工程院院士杜祥琬演讲从霾的根源说起

12月23日,中国工程院院士杜祥琬参加了中国科学报社举办的“2016绿色中国发展论坛”并发表演讲。原本他演讲的题目是中国能源的低碳转型战略。但12月中旬华北地区持续几天的严重霾天气成了人们最关注的话题,这使杜祥琬也“不得不”从霾谈起:“霾的成分现在搞清楚了,那我的演讲就从霾的‘供给侧’根源说起。”

杜祥琬是从事能源研究的,现任国家能源咨询专家委员会副主任。他说,这些年来我们投资高耗能产业驱动经济增长,走的是传统工业化路线,产能过剩、低环境标准的建设产生了压缩型、复合型的环境污染。

除了资本要素,粗放的城市化增长速度快于环境保护速度也是重要因素。杜祥琬说,我们的汽车数量增长很快,而且很多人攀比大排量的车,油品的质量又比较低。“GDP很硬,环保很软,污染超过了环境的容量,成了一种非线性爆发的趋势。”

此外还有资源、能源的低效高碳投入。杜祥琬给大家算了一笔账:在京津冀地区,单位平方公里每年消耗的煤炭是全球平均值的30倍。中国煤炭的消耗,有一半是用来发电的,剩下一半是直接燃烧的。我们每年的散烧煤有7—8亿吨,而一吨散烧煤燃烧产生的污染比发电煤产生的污染要多5到10倍。“中国现在是资源的价格低,污染的成本低,能源结构高碳很明显。这一结构亟待优化,必须强化能源革命。”

杜祥琬通过对各国人均能耗的比较后分析说,发达国家在发展初期,随着人均GDP的提高,人均能耗都在爬升。但是到了人均GDP 2万美元时,基本都是人均能耗不再增长,而经济继续发展。可以看到,从人均GDP 2万美元发展到4万美元,美、加的人均能耗竟是日、欧的两倍。这对我们是有启示意义的:发达国家有两类,高碳型和相对低碳型,低碳发展也可以通向现代化。

“我们现在的单位GDP能耗已经是世界平均水平的1.7倍了,比美、日要高得多。”杜祥琬认为,我们要费很大的劲才可能把人均高能耗的曲线“扭”下来。我们想要比欧、日的能耗低已经很难了,我们能不比他们高就很不错了。

面对这种形势,我国能源低碳转型的路该怎么走?

杜祥琬提出,我们要走节能、提效之路,改变粗放、高耗能的发展方式,包括对能源总量和能源强度的双控制,做好去产能、去库存工作,防止产生新的产能过剩;要逐步减煤,特别做好散烧煤的替代,这是对我国高碳基础能源必须动的一个“大手术”;要大力度、高质量地发展非化石能源,增加一次能源中的非化石比重,增加电力中的非化石比重;要稳油增气,加强勘探,发展新能源汽车,提高燃油标准。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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