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中国劳动年龄人口加速减少 劳动力5年减少2000万

2016-11-21 07:49:50   

“民工荒”的背后是15~24岁青年劳动力的大幅下降。曾湘泉表示,15~24岁青年劳动力是劳动年龄人口下降最明显的群体,2006年这个群体有1.2亿人,预测到2020年将会下降到6000万。与此相对应,55~65岁的劳动年龄人口将出现上升,劳动力结构趋于老化。

张车伟对第一财经记者表示,随着这些年来高等教育的普及,我国劳动力的知识结构也在发生变化,在过去很长一段时间,每年新增就业人口中有一大半是初中文化程度以下的,他们成为制造业中的低廉劳动力。

如今情况已经和过去不同,高等教育的毛入学率达到44%,2015年大学毕业生约占到新增劳动力的50%,初中以下文化程度约占20%。“劳动力的素质和结构发生了根本变化,过去高投入的发展模式无法持续下去了。”张车伟说。

张车伟认为,中国经济正在发生的变化是经济增长与物质资本的增长联系变弱,而与人力资本联系变强,这也是GDP的增速放缓而就业却好于预期的原因。

“现在遇到的问题是虽然劳动力教育水平提高了,但大学生自身素质与技能产业结构演化升级要求不尽匹配,带来结构性失业风险,大学生实际技能与市场需求存在一定差距。”张车伟说。

技能人才的缺口将是中国经济转型升级的一大隐忧。数据显示,目前中国劳动力市场高技能人才只占4%,普通技能人才占20%,没有技能的占到76%。

2014年《kelly service全球雇员指数报告》显示,目前92%的中国企业核心竞争力受到劳动力队伍数量和能力(质量)短缺的影响,其中,劳动力质量问题尤为突出。

曾湘泉对第一财经记者称,必须重视培训和人力资本投资,缓解劳动力市场的结构矛盾。近年来财政在劳动力培训上投入了大量的资金,但效果并不明显。下一步应该加强对培训项目的评估,提高培训的效率,把钱花在刀刃上。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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