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中国劳动年龄人口加速减少 劳动力5年减少2000万

2016-11-21 07:49:50   

人口结构变化对中国经济的影响正在逐步显性化,近年来劳动年龄人口数量和质量的“双变”已经对产业结构的升级转型形成倒逼之势。

中国就业研究所所长曾湘泉在19日举行的“2016年中国劳动经济学会年会”上预计,2016年劳动年龄人口继续下降,近5年累计减少的数量约为2000万,劳动力供给的减少导致人工成本上升、产业转移和技术替代劳动成为未来的趋势。

中国社科院人口与劳动经济研究所所长张车伟表示,当前大学毕业生占到了我国新增劳动力的“半壁江山”,劳动力的素质和结构已经发生了根本变化,劳动力市场也再难以大量提供传统制造业所需的简单劳动力,过去高投入的经济发展模式无法持续。

劳动年龄人口加速减少

我国15~59岁劳动年龄人口在2011年的时候达到峰值9.25亿人,2012年比2011年减少345万,这是劳动年龄人口的首次下降。2012年开始逐年下降,2013年减少244万,2014年减少371万,2015年减少487万。

曾湘泉预测2016年至少将保持2015年的降幅,或者下降幅度还会更大。“即使按照487万来计算,这5年来劳动年龄人口总共下降了1934万人,这不是一个小数目。”

劳动年龄人口的下降是中国经济发展过程中不得不面对的现实。人社部新闻发言人李忠曾表示,2015年我国劳动年龄人口下降至9.11亿,还会持续下降,而且到2030年以后将会出现大幅下降的过程,平均以每年760万人的速度减少。到2050年,人社部预测劳动年龄人口会由2030年的8.3亿降到7亿左右。

曾湘泉认为,劳动力供给持续下降带来劳动成本的迅速上涨,近年来全行业薪酬增长率平均增速保持在10%左右,比如,2011年为11.3%,2012年10.5%,2013年9.7%。不少外资企业近年来撤离中国转向东南亚,与国内劳动力成本的快速上升有直接的关系。

劳动力供给的减少还引发了人力资源流动频率与规模的增大。数据显示,劳动力密集型企业离职率2011年为35.5%,2012年37.2%,2013年36.2%。曾湘泉说,甚至有企业反映员工的离职率达到了50%,同时劳动争议也频发,这些都给企业人力资源的管理带来严峻挑战。

劳动力学历和能力的“剪刀差”

我国产业结构必须进行转型的另一个因素是劳动力年龄结构和知识结构都无法再支持过去传统制造业所需的人力资源。

从改革开放到本世纪初的20多年间,制造业流水线对于工人的年龄限制非常严格,它们“掐尖”使用劳动生产率最高的年轻工人,直到“民工荒”大范围出现之后,才不得不放开年龄的限制。

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