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神舟十一号“回家”的路有多长?要经历什么?

2016-11-17 18:55:20   央视新闻客户端

不过,大气层欢迎飞船回家的方式有点儿特殊。飞船在穿越稠密的大气层时,会产生巨大的摩擦力,这种摩擦力让返回舱外部产生上千度的高温。

此刻坐在返回舱内部,从两边的舷窗向外看去,窗外一片通红。不过虽然看起来一片火海,可是航天员坐在这里却并没有什么明显的感觉。为什么呢?在飞船返回舱外表涂着灰色的特殊材料,它们可以耐住这上千度的高温,通过慢慢燃烧掉自己给飞船降温,这也就是为什么咱们在地面上看到的返回舱总是外表黑乎乎一副烧焦的样子,其实里面的温度绝对安全舒适。

这个时候航天员要做些什么呢?航天员可以适当地调整姿态,把身体紧贴座椅,同时肌肉紧绷,用腹式呼吸,这是为什么呢?虽然窗外的火海不会给航天员带来什么影响,可进入大气层时,飞船飞行的速度在每秒钟7.5公里左右,高速下降产生的过载会让人有不舒服的感觉。这个过载有时会达到4个G左右,这就相当于有4个你自己坐在身上,采用适当的姿态,就可以对抗这种过载。

大约下降到约80公里的高度时,就会进入黑障区。由于和大气层的高速剧烈摩擦,在返回舱表面会产生等离子体,这些等离子体会屏蔽掉所有电子信号,出现黑障现象。这时,返回舱与地面暂时失去联系,不管是声音、图像、还是遥测信息,全部中断,剩下的只有等待。这对飞船和航天员的心理都是严峻的考验。这一段“最难熬的时光”大概要持续4到6分钟,一直要到返回舱距离地球约40公里高的地方,黑障才会消失。

出了黑障区,和地面又重新建立了通信联系,接下来一个重要动作,就是开降落伞。开伞的过程,对于坐在返回舱内的航天员来说,可不是什么舒服的事情。因为在这个过程中,返回舱又是摇摆又是旋转,甚至还有翻滚,这个运动是非常剧烈的。对于人的身体来说,所感受到的,也是非常复杂的一种情况。但是航天员们说,这又是一件他们最愿意看到的事,因为这样的摆动,就意味着降落伞的打开是正常的。

随着主伞的完全打开,返回舱逐渐恢复平稳。这个时候,飞船的速度就降到了每秒钟7米左右。不过,这个速度对于3吨多的返回舱来说,仍然会产生巨大的冲击。此时,坐在返回舱里的航天员也要系紧束缚带,准备好对抗着陆冲击。接下来,返回舱的防热大底被抛掉。当飞船下降到离地面只有一米的时候,飞船底部的反推发动机就会点火,产生向上的推力,这样就把飞船下降的速度进一步降低到了每秒3米。好了,飞船平稳地降落在了预定的落区,我们回家了!

在航天各个系统工作人员的共同努力之下,我们终于安全地回到了地面,这感觉真的很好。现在,我已经在期待下一次的载人飞行了,也许,就是飞往我们自己的空间站!

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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