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记者现场揭秘:中国首枚大火箭 到底"神"在哪?

2016-11-08 08:02:58   中国经济周刊

长征五号的发动机采用了无毒无污染的燃料推进剂,零下183°C的液氧和零下253°C的液氢推进剂,使我国的运载火箭具备了“绿色环保”的全新特征。正是因为块头大、运力大、技术性强,长征五号的结构自然比以往任何型号的长征火箭都要复杂。以往火箭使用的零件最多几万个,长征五号的零部件则多达十几万个,其设计量超出以往火箭的3倍以上。为应对这一挑战,长征五号首次采用了全数字化三维设计,使每个螺钉的大小和位置都能一目了然。

说到火箭的可靠性、安全性,专家们依然用数据说话:“火箭设计的可靠性从以往的0.97提高到0.98”,“采用了三取二的冗余技术”等等,这些解说在记者听来着实云里雾里。不过,成功发射前的两三天,记者在发射场通过与专家团队的接触,倒是有了间接的佐证和感受。开始记者以为,带我们参观和讲解的自然是外围的专家,真正临阵指挥的专家肯定如临大敌闭关静息去了,哪有心思接待记者?没料到,头一天参观长征七号(已于6月成功发射)发射塔、远观静待首发的长征五号发射塔时,接待众记者的居然就是位“核心人物”。

记者问,您在发射那天担任什么角色?专家说,我那天是发出发射指令的其中一人,我是1号。

11月2日,在长征五号首飞任务媒体见面会上,长征五号研制各环节的“大咖”如数家珍、侃侃而谈,从他们身上丝毫感受不到大战在即的紧张和忐忑。

记者从他们的淡定中感受到了底气。而这底气来自于“十年磨箭”的炼厉,也来自“完全靠自主创新”的把握。

长征五号是中国人靠自主创新研制的大火箭。按照系列化、组合化、模块化的思想设计,采用全新自主设计的箭体结构、动力、电气和发射支持系统,在总体结构、设计技术、推进技术、遥测技术、发射技术等五个方面,都实现了创新突破。和以往火箭相比,长征五号运载火箭是一枚全新研制的火箭,核心技术具有完全自主知识产权,全箭采用了247项核心关键新技术,新技术比例几乎达到100%。而国际上研制新型火箭,包括卫星飞船,采用新技术的比例一般不超过30%。靠完全自主创新,长征五号的整体性能和总体技术都达到了国际先进水平。

11月1日,长征五号成功发射的前两天,长五的研制团队在文昌发射场802楼举行了长征五号首飞“射前动员会”。会上团队中某位领导的一句话引起了大家的强烈共鸣:“航天一甲子,长五三十年”。

是的,从2006年国务院正式批准新一代运载火箭基本型长征五号立项研制至今,整整十年;而从2000年先行研制长五的心脏大推力发动机算起,已逾十五年;而长五的前期论证和攻关,则是从三十年前国家“863计划”开始的。可以说,在中国航天事业60年的征程中,“长五之梦”伴随了中国航天人整整三十年。

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