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长征五号运载火箭海南文昌航天发射场点火升空(图)

2016-11-03 20:50:42   新华社

长征家族历史成绩优秀发射成功率高达97%左右

从1970年长征一号运载火箭发射至今,我国长征系列运载火箭共实施了237次发射,发射成功率高达97%左右。从国际上来看,从1957年到2015年,全球共发射5400多次,平均发射成功率是91.5%。

如果将长征系列运载火箭比作一个大家族,现在其家庭成员已经有17个了,实现了从常温推进到低温推进、从串联到捆绑、从一箭单星到一箭多星,运载能力覆盖高、中、低各种轨道,能够满足不同载荷的发射要求。

作为“五哥”为啥它比“弟弟们”面世要晚?

但是,随着火箭发动机技术的日益成熟和人类对宇宙空间的不断探索,世界主要航天强国纷纷推出新一代大型运载火箭,比如欧洲的阿里安5、美国的德尔塔4和宇宙神5。而中国现有的长征家族原有的成员在面对未来载人空间站、探月和探火工程等一系列重大航天工程任务,有些心有余而力不足。长征家族迫切需要新引入一位“大块头”成员扛起重担。

哪怕不算前20年的研制期,仅仅是立项后的砺“箭”,“胖五”就花了10年时间。按说在新一代成员里,“老大哥”“胖五”是最先启动研制的,但是却比长征六号和长征七号这些“兄弟们”更晚“成家立业”,足见其难度之大、风险之高。

“胖五”有哪些创新成果?

虽然一路走来道路并不平坦,坚韧不拔的“胖五”却比现役火箭的运载能力提升2.5倍以上,还能够与其他家族新成员共享其研制过程中产生的创新成果。

“新一代运载火箭按照系列化、组合化、模块化思想进行设计,从国家最高层面规划我国运载火箭的整体发展,尽可能多地采用通用技术,降低研制成本。”长征五号总设计师李东说。

△来源:视觉中国

比如,“胖五”用到的推力大、比冲高的120吨液氧煤油发动机,曾被外国专家认为“(中国)能设计出来,也不可能制造出来”,现在已经成为我国新一代运载火箭各个不同构型火箭共用的基础动力装置,在之前长征六号、长征七号火箭首飞任务中,都有过出色表现。再比如,“胖五”先进的“新三垂”测发模式和全三维数字化设计也都率先在长征七号上进行了成功应用。

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