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特级飞行员揭秘航发产业:主战机发动机九成国产

2016-09-05 07:50:05   中国网


运-20重型军用运输机

有望5到10年赶上世界先进发动机现有水平

京华时报:我国在两弹一星、载人航天、高铁等多个领域取得傲人成就,但在发动机发展道路上为何如此艰难?

吴国辉:这主要是由航空发动机的高技术、高投入、高风险与高垄断等特性造成。

众所周知,航空发动机不仅要动力强劲,而且需要在高速、高温、高压的环境长时间可靠稳定地工作,涉及设计、材料、制造、控制、工艺等诸多核心技术。目前只有美国、欧洲、俄罗斯等具备先进发动机的独立研制生产能力。

客观地看,我国在发动机领域跟美、欧、俄差距还是不小的。主要体现在几方面:

一是发动机发展理念相对滞后。先进国家大都把航空发动机作为一个独立产业、重要系统来管理与发展。他们的理念是根据发动机来设计飞机,而我们是先设计飞机,再来选发动机,没把发动机放在应有的地位,作为主要领域来平行发展。结果是发动机拖了飞机的后腿。表现在发动机的发展道路上,就是长时间走引进、测仿、改进的老路,没有适时下大决心坚定地走自主创新之路。虽然满足了部队的急需,但是没有真正掌握核心技术,从而丧失了一些自主发展的良机。

二是管理体制与管理模式相对落后。我国航空工业建立以来,是将发动机作为航空工业的一个部分、飞机的一个重要系统进行管理。这种体制与模式在计划经济时代有利于集中力量、统一行动,发挥了重要作用。但长此以往,一方面,发动机产业各个所、厂之间在核心技术创新的资源竞争、协力攻关等方面存在一些不协调现象;另一方面,总体上带来小而全、分难聚,行不远、舍难弃的纠结,结果必然相对弱化了发动机的专业性与重要性,不利于长远筹划、规模化生产与市场竞争。

美国、欧洲、俄罗斯则是组建像通用动力、普拉特·惠特尼、罗尔斯-罗伊斯、联合发动机制造等集团公司来进行统一管理,利于产业规划、优化资源、集力攻关、规模生产与市场竞争,形成了技术与市场的垄断地位。

三是发动机整体水平偏低。主要体现为:性能指标上推重比低,经济性上油耗比大,安全性上可靠性差,规格品种上产品有短板,生产规模上市场竞争力不强等。提高发动机的整体水平,从技术上讲,需要突破发展理念、原创设计、优质材料、精密制造、工艺标准、系统控制等难关,也需要一个较长的研制、生产、试验、使用与完善的过程。

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