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中国火星探测器全球征名 官方首公布外观造型(图)

2016-08-24 07:29:02   新京报

26个月一次火星探测发射机会

刘继忠表示,从1960年10月10日前苏联发射“火星1960A”探测器至今,人类共组织实施了43次火星探测任务,成功或部分成功22次,另有一次正在飞往火星,技术上已成功实现了越飞、环绕、着陆、巡视等探测。

受天体运行规律的约束,每26个月才有一次火星探测有利发射时机,从现在起到2020年前后仅有的3次发射机会,将有4次火星探测任务发射,在国际上将迎来火星探测的高峰。中国实施首次火星探测任务,是落实创新驱动发展战略的一项重要举措,是探月工程之后我国深空探测又一重大科技工程。

■揭秘

探测火星有哪些技术难题?

中国首次火星探测任务工程总设计师张荣桥介绍了中国首次火星探测任务。他说,火星距离地球最远达4亿公里,探测器在器箭分离后经过约7个月巡航飞行被火星引力捕获,环绕器环绕火星飞行后要与着陆巡视器分离,然后进入任务使命轨道开展对火星全球环绕探测,同时为着陆巡视器开展中继通讯,这在轨道设计上就要兼顾环绕和着陆的需求。

张荣桥表示,着陆巡视器与环绕器分离后进入火星大气,经过气动外形减速、降落伞减速和反推发动机动力减速,最后下降着陆在火星表面,火星车驶离着陆平台,开始火星表面巡视探测,要探测火星的形貌、土壤、环境、大气,研究火星上的水冰分布、物理场和内部结构。由于远距离数据传输的大时延,要求火星车必须具有很高的自主能力。

张荣桥说,同时,火星光照强度小,加上火星大气对阳光的削减作用,火星车能源供给也比月球车更为困难。这些都使得首次火星探测任务更具难度和复杂性。“虽然困难重重,但我们仍然抱有必胜的信心!”

火星探测器将在哪里着陆?

中国火星探测器由环绕器和着陆巡视器组成。昨日,中国航天科技集团五院火星探测器总设计师孙泽洲告诉记者,火星探测器将在火星北纬低纬度区域着陆。“现在是大区域确定,并没有说落到哪个具体的点。”

此前接受采访时,孙泽洲介绍,探测器接近火星后,首先要让它被火星引力捕获,成为环绕火星飞行的探测器。之后,在合适时机,与环绕器分离的着陆巡视器将进入火星大气,着陆到火星表面并释放火星车,开展巡视探测。与此同时,环绕器继续在轨道上进行科学探测,并为火星车提供对地面的数据中继服务。

孙泽洲此前向媒体表示,由于中国火星车将使用太阳能供电,从光照角度考虑,最理想的地方是火星赤道附近,但是火星赤道附近的地形复杂。另外,由于登陆火星99%以上的减速是靠大气减速,因此着陆点海拔越低减速时间越长,登陆越安全。“综合考虑地形复杂度、高程、光照条件、温度等因素,火星比较适合着陆点在北纬5°至39°的区域。”

本版采写/新京报记者贾世煜

责任编辑:孙启浩 cn037
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