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唐山震后40年:时间熨平伤痛 城市在墟土上重生

2016-07-28 06:50:27   新京报

纪念碑常青拍了40年,“那时候有规定,周围盖楼不能超过它的高度。”

上世纪90年代,住房制度改革在全国逐步推开,楼层渐高的商品房和办公楼,开始挣脱以往整齐划一的建筑风格,成为城市的新选择。

十年来,在唐山市最繁华的新华道旁,近百米的高楼相继出现。33米高的纪念碑已经被周围的商业综合体和高层住宅超越。蝉鸣喧天的晚上,小孩子穿着溜冰鞋绕着纪念碑滑过。在纪念碑对面,一栋新建成的高层住宅项目,打出“9度设防、隔震住宅”的口号招徕客户。

从纪念碑沿着新华道往西走,新建成的高楼遮挡了新华道两侧进入衰老期的“火柴盒”——从外观上看,这座城市与全国其他年富力强的城市已无差别。

崛起的城市给拍摄者提供了新的创作素材,也设置了拍摄障碍。突出的高楼,遮挡了视线,报道唐山地震40周年的记者,再想拍摄连片的“抗震楼”“也不那么容易了。”

从“锅底坑”到世博园

赵振中已经从唐山市规划局退休13年了。

这十几年中,赵振中最欣慰的是大企业的搬迁和整座城市的转型升级。“比如,曾经污染严重的启新水泥厂已经搬离市区了。”这家成立于1889年的中国第一家水泥厂,比1938年建市的唐山还要年长近50岁。它处于城市中心区的东部,每天要排放150吨左右的粉尘。

唐山重建时期,将污染严重的大企业从中心区域搬迁至新区是重要工作之一。

“骑车从工厂旁边路过,衣服上能落一层灰。”赵振中说,但出于搬迁成本和恢复建设时期的建材需求等诸多考虑,地震后,大企业搬迁并不容易。

在既往的经济结构中,煤炭、钢铁企业在带动城市快速发展的同时,也带来了产能过剩、污染严重的弊病。2004年、2007年,唐山因污染问题两度被当时的国家环保总局点名,一度受到“区域限批”的处罚。

常青曾记录过彼时城市的面貌。在唐山城南,开滦煤矿130多年开采形成的采煤沉降区,因为地面塌陷,工业废水乱排,人迹罕至。“人们叫它‘锅底坑’,其实是唐山发展中的‘疮疤’。”

2008年,唐山“退二进三”计划实施,在城市产业结构调整中,缩小第二产业,发展第三产业。计划用3年左右的时间,对高能耗、高污染、不符合城市规划和易于搬迁的企业先行实施搬迁改造。

启新水泥厂成为当时首批且最大的“退二进三”企业。2008年底,拥有119年历史的启新水泥厂迁出主城区。

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