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唐山震后40年:时间熨平伤痛 城市在墟土上重生

2016-07-28 06:50:27   新京报

与建筑一起改变的还有城市的色彩。正在举办的2016唐山世界园艺博览会展示着“世界上的花花草草”。

“一个时代过去了。”常青说,迅速发展的城市正在展现新的容貌。

不断长高的城市

地震截瘫伤员潘秀秋记得地震两年后,再一次看到唐山时的情景。

那时她从外地转院回来,车一进唐山,“满眼都是简易房”。人们清理了废墟,在原地垒起1米高的砖墙。因为缺少建材,从废墟里扒出震掉的窗框,封上塑料布,房顶用砖头压住油毡,就成了震后的家。

“1976年入冬前,各个机关单位和解放军,在马路边和废墟上盖起40万间简易房供唐山人过冬。”赵振中说,一句顺口溜“登上凤凰山,低头看唐山。到处简易房,砖头压油毡。”就是当时的现状。因为房子不保温,每天早上起来房顶一层霜,毛巾都是“立”着的。

这样的简易房,常青住了8年。

一天三顿饭,天天担水、劈柴、倒炉灰,“琐碎的生活占去了日常的大半数时间。”

1979年下半年,唐山市大规模复建开始。提出了“要把唐山建成21世纪的现代化城市”的目标。

在常青一样的普通市民看来,“现代化”就是结实、方便。

1984年,常青一家四口搬进了唐山人翘首以盼的“抗震楼”。

像唐山震后重建的所有住宅楼一样,“抗震楼”墙体敦厚、外观扁平沉黄、室内格局紧凑,也被当地人戏称为“火柴盒”。

在当时,“抗震楼”是全国先进住宅的代表。8度设防(意味着建筑设计能够抵御烈度为8度的地震,相当于大致6级地震)、独立厨卫、集中供热以及完善的小区配套,“北京、上海的很多住宅都比不上。”

“水龙头拧开,听到水‘哗’一响,觉得真好!真的活过来了!”32年后,常青回忆当时的情景仍难掩激动。

在常青拍摄的照片里,震后20年内,5层左右的“抗震楼”是唐山不变的面貌。

因为鲜有高楼,加上住宅楼土黄色和白色的外立面、火柴盒一样的造型,使得整座城市看上去像是紧紧趴在地面上。

那时候他喜欢到唐山宾馆和唐山饭店拍照,那里一度是唐山最高的建筑。“最高的也才13层,但那时感觉已经很高了。”

从唐山饭店往南走500米,就是唐山市两条主干道——新华道和建设路的交叉口。1984年,高5层的唐山百货大楼开业,254米的“条形楼”横卧在新华道旁,成为唐山市最大的百货商店。2年后——震后10周年之际,在百货大楼的斜对面,总高33米的唐山抗震纪念碑落成,成为城市的一个制高点。

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