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山西最紧张时刻:万亿煤炭巨债缠身 60%在银行

2016-04-24 10:08:47   21世纪经济报道

2016年1月4日,国务院总理李克强奔赴山西,实地考察煤炭、钢铁两大行业的运行情况,并主持召开多省主官、煤钢企业负责人的去产能座谈会。内蒙古自治区主席巴特尔在会上汇报时表示,尽管产能过剩,但内蒙古过剩产能的企业中,基本为民企,他们也不找政府要什么支持,内蒙古不存在这方面的压力。

而山西则不同。山西省煤炭工业厅近日发布公告,要求全省所有煤矿在国家法定节假日和周日原则上不得安排生产,严格以276个工作日组织生产。还将减产份额逐个摊派在全省562座煤矿身上,减产量占2015年山西原煤产量9.44亿吨的25%。

在化解过剩产能期间,中央财政每年支出1000亿元,主要用于煤钢企业的职工安置,帮助煤炭钢铁等行业渡过难关。许小平告诉南方周末记者,山西已经获得部分财政资金。另外,省里也要配套一部分资金。

“债转股”重来?

信达手中持有的多家山西煤企股权至今未能处置变现,客观上造成了信达与煤企及地方政府的“双输”局面。

上世纪末的国企“三年脱困”改革期间,大批经营困难的国企通过“关停并转”退出市场,银行也积累了巨额不良贷款。眼下被热炒的“债转股”,彼时也曾广泛运用于山西煤炭国企脱困,即把原来银行与企业间的债权债务关系,转变为资产管理公司与企业间的股权关系。

当时银行剥离的不良贷款,由1999年成立的专司不良资产处置的四大资产管理公司接手。其中,信达资产管理公司成为处置煤炭企业不良资产的主力。它接手了山西、安徽、河北等地的煤企股权,一跃成为“中国最大的煤老板”。在山西,信达就同时持有同煤、阳煤、晋煤等煤炭集团股份,如果按照当时的谈判价格执行“债转股”,信达也将成为山西各大煤企的控股股东。

但是随着2001年中国加入WTO,开启“煤炭黄金十年”。各地“债转股”煤企以及地方政府认为信达占了便宜。为此,双方一直没能将“债转股”落地,直到2005年,获得采矿权作价补充资本金的山西煤企重新夺回“控股权”,双方这才签署协议。其中,信达持股比例最高仍然达到了40%。

然而至今,信达手中持有的多家山西煤企股权仍未能处置变现,客观上造成了信达与煤企及地方政府的“双输”局面。

信达持有的是煤炭集团股权,不是上市公司股权,而煤炭集团多数负担重,盈利差,再加上制度因素,即便后来达成“债转股”协议,信达长期以来也难以获得分红收入。

同时由于信达持股比例较高,通常在煤企具有“一票否决权”。而煤炭集团自2008年整合后,需要大量建设资金,大体的思路是希望将集团资产注入上市公司,从二级市场进行融资。但信达显然不愿意看到优质资产不断从集团剥离。

王豫刚认为,作为上市公司而言,其对国有控股股东最重要的职能就是融资,实际上今日山西各煤炭集团的资金困局,与5年前行业高峰期未能利用好上市公司平台进行大量股权融资有直接关系。

他还指出,历史上,山西解决较好的“债转股”案例是中煤平朔,中煤集团通过回购中国银行在安太堡露天煤矿的股权及债权,实现了中煤能源的整体上市。此外,信达在冀中能源、开滦股份和盘江股份上的退出,则是通过集团股权置换上市公司股权来实现的。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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