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我国将全面实施二孩政策 预计2017年现生育高峰

2015-10-30 06:45:48   京华时报

中央党校经济学者周天勇分析,人口和劳动力成本是中国目前出现经济下行的一个重要原因。通过对中国1974年到1994年人口增长变动数据与1994年到2014年经济增长数据的相关性分析,周天勇发现二者高度相关。“人口结构中婴幼少青年等人口比例的快速下降,影响国内的投资消费,进而使经济下行。”他指出。

人口出生率与股市、房地产市场、经济繁荣度紧密相连。专家们认为,老龄化加速、少子化严重的当下中国,正需要这样一次婴儿潮,为未来数十年的经济发展带来持久动力。

再生育意愿有所下降

十八届三中全会以来,各地将单独二孩政策作为一项重要改革内容依法实施。2014年1月,浙江、安徽、江西三省率先启动,3月-6月,多数省份集中实施,9月份政策全面落地。单独二孩政策的目标人群,也就是夫妇一方为独生子女,且已生育一孩的以80后为主,目标人群约1100万。

监测显示,2014年七、八月份,全国每月申请量达到15万对左右,2015年前7月稳定在每月8万-9万对,截至2015年5月底,全国有145万对夫妇提出再生育申请,139万多对办理了手续。河北、辽宁、浙江、山东、湖北、重庆、四川等七省市占到申请总量的55.2%。

国家统计局数据显示,2014年我国出生率比上年提高0.29个千分点,单独二孩的政策效果逐步显现。

但2014年国家统计局人口变动抽样调查显示,目标人群中43%有再生育的打算,2015年初,国家卫生计生委开展的专项调查显示,39.6%有再生育打算,与2013年的调查相比有所下降。

经过单独二孩放开到如今普遍允许二孩的过渡,“到现在这个时点发布调整,很重要的原因是单独二孩政策实施没有完全达到预期目标。五中全会恰逢其时讨论十三五规划,两个节点交汇在一起,形成了这个利好的政策出台。”北京大学社会学系教授陆杰华说。

□影响

2017年将现出生人口峰值

普遍放开二孩之后每年新增加人口会怎样变化?会否形成人口堆积?对此,陆杰华指出,政策落地会从明年陆续开始。因此影响可能会集中产生在2017年、2018年和2019年期间。

“有数据估计增长在每年300万到500万。这只是某些年份可能会达到,生育意愿释放以后,不会长期是这个数字。其中2017年的增长可能是峰值。”陆杰华指出,毕竟对于“70后”来说是最后一次机会,他们可能会比较急迫,尽快享受政策利好。“但实际上从总体、长远来说,尽管个别年份会有一些出生堆积,比较难改变我们低生育率的现实。”

陆杰华估算,年出生人口峰值在2017年会达到2300万左右,但这样的水平预计只会持续一两年,很快就会回归走低。这是因为生育的主体是80后、90后,少生的观念已经成为他们的主流思想,他们的生育更加理性。

新政将提振中国经济信心

“从双独家庭生二孩,到单独家庭生二孩,再到现在的全面二孩,生育政策调整虽然是渐进式的,但间隔时间不长,表明政策的调整和推进态度很坚决。”中银国际策略分析师张晓娇认为。

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