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印度能超越中日称为亚洲增长新引擎吗?

2017-09-27 14:56:52   

如此一来,中央政府收税,地方政府再来收,普通民众和中小企业肯定是承受不了的。

莫迪政府的各项经济改革都在没有“先行先试”的情况下,大面积推广,这直接导致出现了问题,缺乏有效的应对措施。更何况,印度经济本来缺乏长期的高速增长的基础,所以莫迪政府的改革失效只能说是加速了经济回落进程。

印度经济为什么会缺乏长期向好的基础呢?

第一,经济结构严重失衡,无法解决更多的失业问题。

目前,制造业在印度GDP的占比达到18%,而且仅直接关系到12%印度人的就业。而印度大多是“外包型经济”,主要看传统雇主们的脸色。如今欧美等国经济复苏缓慢,尤其是特朗普上台后加强贸易保护,推动“美国制造业回归”,进而导致印度服务业订单急剧萎缩。所以,印度制造业是无法助力经济了。

印度以金融、IT部门为主的高端服务业,对人才专业素质要求高,吸纳劳动力数量的能力有限,当印度GDP高度增长的同时,没有带来非农就业人口的显著增长,一旦印度经济放缓,却会使失业率进一步攀升。

对此,高端服务业培育了如班加罗尔、孟买等几个发达城市,但是它们仅仅是南亚次大陆上几座繁华的孤岛。正是因为制造业与高端服务业发展不均衡,以及基础设施建设相对落后,使印度这个庞大的经济体已经缺乏足够的发展动力。

第二,城镇化发展缓慢,难以助力经济腾飞。

世行数据统计显示,1987年印度城镇化率为24.8%,中国为24.2%。经过近30年的发展,中国在2016年达到56.7%,而印度仅有33.1%。

印度经济在快速增长之时,没有像中国那样加快城镇化步伐,反而有所减缓。事实上,没有哪个国家经济快速增长的过程中不伴随着快速的城镇化,印度的表现实在反常。

第三,人口素质较差,迟滞了印度就业率的提升。

世界经济论坛的《2017全球人力资本报告》指出,在人力资本指数中,印度在130个国家中排名仅103。印度年轻人的识字率为89%,远远低于其他新兴国家。

虽然,印度高端服务业解决就业人口能力有限,但如果致力于发展传统制造业,也可以解决大量就业问题,而且还可使经济保持高速增长。但是,印度百姓文化水平低下,技术水平不高,导致其无法胜任相对复杂一些的岗位。印度相比于邻国巴基斯坦、孟加拉国,以及东南亚国家,在劳动密集型、原料密集型产业上并不具备明显的竞争优势。

第四,民主政治与混合经济的“错位”。印度的民主制度致使决策分散,而印度的经济主要是以混合所有制中的国有经济为主,企业在经营和发展上做任何事情都需要得到审批许可。

当两者缺点结合在一起时,不可避免地带来了企业的效率低下。同时,印度还存在着宗教和民族,甚至种姓制度间的冲突,这都在很大程度上阻碍着印度经济长期高速发展。

印度经济将面临下行风险,谁该担负责任?

印度经济不具备高速增长的原因并非莫迪所造成,印度缺乏助推经济高增长的引擎,并且也错过了城镇化改革带来的红利,更由于制造业和高端服务业结构失衡,导致失业率居高不下。

如果针对印度经济的一系列弊端进行有针对性的推出改革措施,那么印度经济下滑的势头或许还可能得到延缓。

原标题:印度经济持续恶化的根源在哪儿?

文/张平 高级经济师、中国网特约评论员

责任编辑:杨晓晨 CN067
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