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说好的计划又要泡汤?美国空军笑了,海军哭了!

2017-09-07 11:20:09   参考消息网

相比受预算影响不大的海军航空兵,美国海军舰艇部队在新财年装备预算中可谓受害颇多。新财年预算中,有52亿美元用于采购最后2艘弗吉尼亚级攻击型核潜艇、36亿美元用于采购2艘伯克III型驱逐舰、6.36亿美元用于采购1艘濒海战斗舰。此外,还有44亿美元用于投入第3艘福特级核动力航空母舰“企业”号的建造,并支付第2艘福特级航母“肯尼迪”号的工程尾款,还将在新一代的哥伦比亚级战略核潜艇的研发项目上投入19亿美元。

连带上述舰艇和其他一些勤务舰艇,美国海军计划在2018财年采购的新舰船数量仅为个位数,而且不得不将“大头花在现有舰艇和人员的维持上。尤其是近期,美国海军频频出现撞船等严重事故,显示出海军水面舰艇部队战备任务过重、训练不足、现役舰艇数量捉襟见肘的困境。一方面,现实情况需要美国海军在维持现有部队的日常支出上加大投入。另一方面,只有增加现役舰艇数量,才能从根本上缓解美海军困境。然而,囿于预算总额的限制,特朗普政府不得不损害体量过大,花费过多且优先级相对靠后海军的利益。

美国陆军则沿袭了多年来的惯例,在主要装备采购上的花销不多。数据显示,新财年美陆军装备采购主要用于更新现有装备技术水平并采购更多弹药。主要显著增加的采购项目是联合轻型战术车(JLTV),采购金额也不大。如上文所述,陆军将预算的相当部分花在了管理维持性支出上。同时值得注意的是,由于冷战结束前后美陆军采购了大量高技术地面装备,而这些装备今天仍然是美陆军主力现役装备,因此,未来一旦需要增加地面部队数量,将这些封存的装备重新投入现役即可。这也为美陆军省下一大笔装备采购费用。

维持现状补漏洞地主家也没余粮

行文至此,恐怕有读者会有疑问,6300多亿美元的花销可谓海量,为何所有军种的“愿望清单”都无法得到完全满足呢?想要搞清个中缘由,我们还要回到美国军队所面临的诸多现实问题中去。

首先,由于美军的战略需求(或曰战略目标)太过“高大上”,不得不维持一支职业化、高度战备且全球部署的武装力量,同时还要投入数百亿美元以维持反恐行动。这导致美军在人力资源、管理维持等方面的花费居高不下,而且丝毫不存在降低的空间,仅维持现状就需要每年投入数千亿美元。

其次,奥巴马时代对于军费的控制和压缩,以及由此造成的兵力规模缩小、训练维护不足、装备现代化放缓等后果,已经导致美军出现战斗力退化的情况。而这种影响造成的漏洞,也不是依靠1个财年的预算增加就可以弥补的。耐人寻味的是,美国国防部公布的2018财年国防预算的报道中,还特别提及2018财年的国防预算已经超过了2011年《预算控制法案》规定的5200亿美元军费限额。这意味着如果奥巴马时代的国防预算设想得以实现,国防经费会比现在更少。由此,读者也就不会奇怪,为何美军官兵普遍对奥巴马持反感态度,而宁肯欢迎特立独行的特朗普了。

最后,尽管2018财年的国防预算增长对于美军来说只是勉强够用,但相比其他预算遭到大幅压缩的部门和领域,美国军队已经非常幸运了。据路透社报道,特朗普政府制定的2018年财政预算计划还将大幅削减福利、医保等支出,对于特朗普不感兴趣的环保等领域,预算更是出现大滑坡。面对美国总体经济形势并未好转,预算总额难以增加的局面,即使特朗普有心重建强大军力,现实困境也使其难以将之付诸实践。

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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