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丈夫喊三句"休妻"就可离婚,印度这项千年习俗被废了
不过,根据“今日印度”网站的说法,印最高法院判定违宪的只是“连续三声塔拉克”的离婚方式,而非”三声塔拉克”式离婚。二者之间的区别在于,前者是指丈夫在某种情况下连续喊出三声“塔拉克”,后者则是丈夫在喊出第一声“塔拉克”后,只能在下一个月再喊出第二声“塔拉克”。在此期间,丈夫还可以重新思考自己的决定,直到在第三个月喊出第三声“塔拉克”后,双方婚姻即自动解除婚姻关系。因此,虽然“塔拉克即时休妻”已经被裁定违宪,但穆斯林女性在争取平权上还有很长的道路要走。
迟到的公正:22个穆斯林国家已经废除
塔拉克是一种古老的习俗,但是目前已经有22个穆斯林国家都废除了这种形式。而且这22个国家是包括沙特、伊朗、埃及等最古老和传统的穆斯林聚居地区。即使在印度的邻居加对头巴基斯坦国内,这种习俗也是无效的。
事实上,此项法律在印度多年来其实备受争议由来已久。早在2008年,德里最高法院的穆斯林法官Badar Durrez Ahmad就曾要将三声塔拉克视为可以撤销的离婚形式。高哈蒂最高法院也曾提出,三声塔拉克需有一个合理的缘由,且要留有协商和解的余地。但印度直至今日才将此法正式放到桌面并宣布违宪也有另外原因。
据“今日印度”网站统计数据显示,不到1%的印度穆斯林女性受“塔拉克离婚”困扰。那些生活在“被离婚”惶恐之下的印度妇女多来自社会底层的边缘群体,她们一直处于“失语”状态,在话语权分配模式中处于弱势地位,难以有效发出自己的声音。这也是她们“被离婚”的不平等待遇一直被印度主流社会所忽视的原因之一。
在此次案件中最值得一提的是,审理此案的5名法官分别来自印度五个不同的宗教社群:锡克教、印度教、基督教、拜火教以及伊斯兰教。其中支持“塔拉克离婚”违宪的是信奉印度教、基督教与拜火教的3名法官。他们在判词中指出,“塔拉克离婚”并非《古兰经》条文,因此不是伊斯兰教教义的必要组成部分。且这种做法有违印度民主平等的观念,无法给穆斯林女性提供婚姻保障,故此需要被废除。
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