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前面我们说了,欧洲在罗马帝国崩溃之后,进入了中世纪“封建”时代,这种封建体系所带来的一个负面影响,就是领土分割严重,代表国家统一力的“王权”,能够有多大统治力,取决于自身直属领地的力量有多强。对欧洲历史不太了解的读者,回想一下中国先秦“春秋战国”时代的混乱,以及名义国家元首“周天子”的无奈,就容易理解了。在欧洲历史上,一个王国的君主有可能也是另一个王国治下某片土地的领主。典型的案例,就是英格兰国王,曾经通过亲缘继承的方式领有大量法兰西领土。很显然,这种局面对于法国来说非常不利。一直到英法百年战争后(1337年–1453年),法国才算是收回了被英国肢解得支离破碎的领土。
14-15世纪的法兰西
此后的法国开始漫长的内部整合,以实现“王权专制”为代表的统一。17世纪上半叶的路易十三时期,是法国开始强大的起始点。不过这一时期最出彩的还不是国王,而是曾经在大仲马《三个火枪手》一书中,充当反派角色的红衣主教“黎塞留”。正是这位争议颇大的法国首相,提出了以天然地理分割线为依据的“天然疆界”概念。这一理论于法国的现实意义,是认定法国在地理范围上为古高卢的延续,而法兰西民族与德意志民族的“天然疆界”,应该是罗马时期确立的,高卢与日耳曼尼亚(日耳曼蛮族生活的土地)之间的天然分割线——莱茵河(莱茵河地区当时为德意志人所覆盖)。
山脉分水岭和河流是最好的“天然疆界”,也容易充当国家安全的天然保卫者。其中分水岭对族群的划分要更准确些,毕竟在没有政治干预的情况下,同一河谷地区生活的社群,容易基于同样的环境而形成共识;不过山脉分水岭的确认,在技术上要更困难一些,相比之下河流则更容易明确位置,并充当政治分割线。这两者之间的认知误差,往往就是争议的所在。以德法之间长期争夺的“阿尔萨斯和洛林”两个焦点地区来说,就存在这种情况。鉴于德、法并非今天话题的主角,他们之间的恩怨就不展开了。
黎塞留为法国提出的“天然疆界”理论,不仅对法德关系造成了直接影响,更对近现代欧洲国家边界的形成,造成了深远影响。作为欧洲的一份子,尤其是法国的冤家对头,英国人当然也能够领悟到,“天然疆界”在维护国家安全问题上,发挥着至关重要的地利作用。正因为如此,英国在统治南亚时,才会把“英属印度”的西部边界,推进到今阿富汗-巴基斯坦边境的山脉之上。而在历史上,弱势的印度统治者,其实从未真正统治有效过这片山地上的民族。由此导致的后果就是,巴基斯坦今天仍在为西部山地区的普什普人(阿富汗主体民族)、俾路支人分离主义者而头疼不已。尤其是经常以“基地组织巴基斯坦分支”、“巴基斯坦塔利班”形象,在巴基斯坦西北地区制造恐怖事件的前者。
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