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英国曾经的殖民地分布示意图
不过,如果就此认为印巴分治的局面的形成,完全是英国人阴谋操纵的结果,多少也有点“冤枉”他们了。2014年,那场险些成功的“苏格兰独立公投”,让很多人有一种“英国发起狠来连自己都打”的感觉。
苏格兰脱英
其实说到底,这与英国乃至欧洲的国家观念有关。与早在2200年前就进入“中央集权模式”的中国不同的是,欧洲的中世纪时代,一直处于真正的“封建”状态。所谓“封建”,顾名思义就是分封建国的意思。是一种人类社会发展过程中必然经历的阶段。其在结构上的最大特点,是最高政权下的每一片土地,都拥有相对独立的运行机制。
这样的机制,使得第一个表面统一的国家,内部更像是由模块拼接而成。一个模块如果分离出去,客观上并不会造成国家的崩溃。事实上,大英帝国之所以如此成功,正是源自于主动为每一块殖民地建立能够维持自我运行的政府、司法,甚至立法体系,使之具备自我生存、发展的能力。放在现代企业架构上,有点类似于在总公司之下,设立一个个独立法人性质的子公司。这一源自欧洲中世纪“封建”时代的,关于“国家”形式认知上的差异,导致西方在国家分裂问题上的敏感度要低于东方国家。比如,以德国的前身“神圣罗马帝国”来说,历史爱好者每每看到它那犬牙交错,并且不断变化的地图,都会有崩溃的感觉。
神圣罗马帝国(1648年)
说到这里,不得不提一下,从“封建”一词的本意来说,将秦统一六国之后的两千年多年历史,都称之为“封建时代”,是一个认知上的误区。在这里并无意讨论到底是那种模式更好。事实上,无论对于一个国家或者说一个组织来说,权力分配永远是一个问题的存在,在集权与分权问题上,需要根据自己的情况,磨合出一个平衡点。
2,天然疆界
好了,现在我们知道了,英国人为印巴设定以宗教信仰为识别标准的分治方案,与其一直以来所秉持的政治价值观有关。然而就此认定,这个历史上最成功的殖民者是无辜的,也实在是洗白了他们。在这里,我要先解读一个非常重要的地缘政治基础理论——天然疆界。
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