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印度后院起火廓尔喀人闹独立!“最后期限”已至

2017-08-09 07:45:51   瞭望智库

4,动乱

印度各邦之间的关系本就非常松散,凝聚力差,而且印度也有按语言建邦的传统,有独立建邦要求的地区远不止大吉岭地区一个,再多一个“廓尔喀兰邦”,应该也算不上什么新鲜事。

对这些独立建邦诉求,印度政府早就了然于胸,却仍然不愿妥协,为什么?

原因在于:如果廓尔喀人愿望达成,那么按语言建邦模式就可能会被更多部族复制。别忘了,在印度,超过百万人口使用的语言就有30多种,超过1万人使用的语言有100多种,此外还有数以千计的各种方言。

换言之,在印度这地方,如按语言划省,那就是个坑,后患无穷。

这个坑是谁埋下的呢?当然是英国!

为了保证自己这份最大殖民资产江山永固,在划分印度各省和土邦边界时,狡诈的英国殖民者一直在玩平衡术。

然而,印度人把英国的“平衡术”玩坏了!

1920年,国大党将“按语言原则划省”作为一项重要目标写入纲领。

使用同一语言的居民区划入同一个邦,导致印度版图内邦的数量从独立时的16个增加到了28个,另有7个中央直辖区。

这种划分方式不仅阻碍国内跨地区贸易发展和劳动力流动、打乱原有产业布局,而且不利于培育国民高于地方的国家认同,国民首先认为自己是泰米尔纳德人、西孟加拉人、旁遮普人、马哈拉施特拉人等等,然后才是印度人。

在平时,这会激励政客们的分离主义动机;一旦国家有事,会给地方分离主义者提供极大便利。

同时,印度某些邦体量太大,实际上具备了独立建国的条件。如北方邦人口接近2亿,进一步加剧了上述矛盾。

实际上,早在1980年代,南印度四邦建立“达罗毗荼联邦”、旁遮普建立“卡利斯坦国”等独立主张就曾在印度政界登堂入室。英迪拉·甘地在1980年大选中当上总理后,毅然出动枪杆子镇压了锡克人,再赔上自己的生命,才终于平息了这一轮分离主义浪潮。但是,一批地方政党仍在这一轮风潮中亮相,国大党多年一统天下的局面被彻底打破。

在这种环境下,按语言原则划分行政区比贯彻地区制衡原则,更能有效动员群众开展政治斗争和竞争选票。当初,印度按语言划分邦界是从安得拉邦打开突破口的,此先例一开,印度政府就再也无法遏制按语言原则划分邦界的压力,相关暴力冲突和争端此起彼伏:

*1949年,老国大党人波提·斯利马穆卢在马德拉斯泰卢固语地区掀起运动,要求建立泰卢固语安得拉邦。1952年,斯利马穆卢绝食58天后饿死,在泰卢固语地区引发大规模骚乱,尼赫鲁在斯利马穆卢死后第四天被迫宣布设立泰卢固语的安得拉邦。

*1956年1月,由于孟买邦内操马拉地语的马哈拉施特拉居民不满与古吉拉特语地区继续在一个邦内,孟买市爆发骚乱。3月,政府被迫让步,决定将孟买邦分割为古吉拉特、马哈拉施特拉两个语言邦,随后又在马哈拉施特拉居民压力下决定将原计划作为中央直辖区、5年后再定归属的孟买市划为马哈拉施特拉邦首府,结果又在古吉拉特邦引起骚乱。

马哈拉施特拉邦设立后,其内部存在的那格-维达尔巴分离主义运动就倍受激励;安得拉邦设立后,要求分割该邦新设特仑甘纳邦的运动和暴力冲突随之兴起,其领导人在2009年效仿斯利马穆卢绝食,逼迫联邦政府同意正式启动分邦程序;受此鼓励,北方、比哈尔等邦内部要求设立新邦的分离主义运动也水涨船高……

所以,印度当今的内乱是从娘胎里就带来的。

这毛病,难治!

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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