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美国退出巴黎气候协定,特朗普又"任性"了?

2017-06-02 14:23:30   澎湃

退出巴黎协定,特朗普并不“任性”

通过上述对美国即将正式退出巴黎协定这一议题的跟踪和观察,有两点值得我们思考。第一,对特朗普的再认识;第二,美国社会经济的再变革。

首先,是对特朗普的再认识。在特朗普当选美国总统后,不少人就开始研究特朗普,但发现特朗普的个性很难捉摸,初期甚至有观点认为他在政治上容易善变,不太好把握,因此会给世界带来某种不确定性。

对此,笔者认为,美国退出巴黎协定的问题给了我们一个观察特朗普很好的窗口,特朗普在这个问题上的处理,实则非常明确地展现了某种执着和政治理念的稳定性,这一稳定性其实是远远超出美国主流媒体之前给我们所传递出来的“老顽童”似的刻板印象。对此,国内的学术界应该及时总结,并结合其他方面,有必要对特朗普开展“再认识”研究。

其次,是美国社会经济的再变革。在奥巴马任职总统期间,他提出了变革(change)的口号,认为美国社会经济要有所改变,应对全球化带来的各种挑战,其中也包括经济金融和气候变化等领域。

经过8年的努力,美国社会经济产生了什么变化呢?在特朗普看来,这个最大的变化就是美国的竞争力在下降,美国的国力在衰退。他认为,是时候将注意力回归美国本土了。因此,在其百日执政纲领中重点提出了美国优先的发展理念。就此,我们有必要对美国社会经济所将出现的再变革进行分析。

在未来,随着各项美国优先的政策逐步推行开来,首先在社会经济层面将出现一些新的变化,包括在经济和产业结构、国际贸易和投资及就业等方面会更加偏重于对实体经济的支持,与此同时,在能源环境领域,则相应地从奥巴马政府期间的积极偏左政策,向更加务实和更好地服务于实体经济发展的“环境保守主义”的偏右立场转变。这一转变在国际气候变化应对上的体现就是,美国不得不重新调整其气候变化“防线”,使其位置后撤到一个更加安全的空间里。

总体上,随着特朗普政府在各项政策上的稳步推进,国际社会其他国家也要看到在美国气候变化政策决策上的社会经济背景演变,而不能再一厢情愿地提出各种质疑和反对意见。

美国不干了,欧盟还能找谁?

当然,美国退出巴黎协定的决定,仍然会给全球带来政治经济上的巨大冲击。主要是因为,2015年12月国际社会在气候变化应对上达成共识后,大部分国家(包括美国在内)都在沿着巴黎协定的共识在设计各种相关政策,也就是说,无论是在理念上,还是在实际行动中,基于自主贡献基础上积极应对气候变化已经成为一种发展的路径。在此情况下,特朗普的当选让美国的政策突然有了急转弯,这在感情上令其他国家难以接受。尤其是作为美国传统盟友的欧盟,也作为全球气候变化应对最为积极的推动者,他们难免产生被美国抛弃的感觉。故此,在数轮游说无果的情况下,欧盟也有点“无可奈何花落去”的怨恨之感,德国总理默克尔甚至表态欧盟就此要开始单干。

到目前为止,我们还很难判断,美国退出巴黎协定的决定会否损害到欧美之间的盟友关系,但摆在欧盟面前的客观事实是,它已经无力改变美国的立场,在美国退席后的“后巴黎协定时代”,欧盟只能转而寻求与中国等发展中国家开展更为紧密的气候变化合作。笔者认为,这样的分分合合势必会波及政治与经济层面,对全球地缘政治与世界经济的发展产生深远的影响。

(作者系复旦大学环境经济研究中心副主任)

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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