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美国总统克林顿在2000年签署了《全国追思时刻法案》,2001年又颁布了《爱国者法案》。为彰显对阵亡将士的尊重,2006年5月美国国会制定《尊重美国阵亡英雄法案》,禁止在葬礼举行前后一小时在国家公墓管理局管理的任何墓地入口90米内进行示威抗议,否则会处以高达10万美元罚款和一年监禁。美国还设立了美国独立纪念日、阵亡将士纪念日、退伍军人节等多个爱国节日并鼓励公众参与纪念活动,对亵渎英雄烈士的行为进行严厉惩罚。
韩国也制定了相关的法律条文,在韩国刑法中就有规定,公然编造虚假信息损毁逝者名誉的行为可判处2年以下徒刑或500万韩元以下罚金。韩国还制定了相关法律,确保历史不被网络谣言随意诋毁。
欧洲许多国家也通过立法反对任何否认和美化纳粹历史的行径。德国刑法禁止针对特定人群煽动仇恨,并通过煽动罪规范对犹太人的攻击诽谤。
世界各国的这些保护措施和司法实践,对我国英烈保护具有一定的借鉴意义。因此,我国需要进一步完善英烈保护的相关立法,运用法律手段界定言论自由的边界,维护历史和民族英雄。互联网的发展极大赋予了民众表达自己意见的权利,进一步促进了言论自由的发展,但是,互联网不是法外之地,任何自由都不是绝对的,都是有边界的自由。抹黑、诋毁国家英雄,试图摧毁中国民族记忆和传统文化的言论不是言论自由。国家有责任和义务采用适当立法的方式,通过民法、刑法条款甚至专门立法,来维护全社会的历史共识和文化记忆,保护国家英烈和民族英雄的合法权益。
责任编辑:任冲 CN062
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