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在税收上要保护中产阶层
脆弱的中产
一个健康的社会应该是橄榄型的,需要培养庞大的中产阶层,成为社会的稳定器,这个已经成为改革的共识。中国积累了很多财富,但能不能国富的同时也让民富?但这些年不少中产阶层有种剥夺感,收入增长跑不赢物价、房价,勉强买了房,搭上两代人的积蓄和后半生的努力,养儿、养老产生双向压力等等,这都是造成中国现在中产阶层脆弱,极易返贫的原因,也在很大程度上抑制了这部分人群的消费能力。
所以,要在税收上调解,扶持中产。
有专家提议,可以暂停征收个人所得税。这个建议有点猛了。个人所得税是普遍性的税收,本意就是培养纳税人意识。国外有句话说:人这一辈子两件事躲不过,一是死亡,二是税收。这个建议除了迎合一些情绪外,毫无意义,国家也没有这个想法。
另外,也有专家建议,既然个人所得税不能取消,那就提高起征点呗。现在是3500,提高到5000,甚至更高,这样不也能保护中产者吗?这也是一个思路,但不能从根本上解决问题,因为你提高了个税起征点,对富人来说也是减税了。按道理讲,个税起征点应该根据物价上涨和通货膨胀率来合理制定,我国以前是800,后来涨到了2000,又到3500,这个标准也已经施行5年了。是不是需要再提高?不过,这个决定必须要经全国人大审议,不是国务院的规定可以改变的。
但这都是在“分类所得税”框架下修补。
中国的宏观税负到底是多少?各个口径都是莫衷一是。2015年,官方统计数据是30.1%,但也有专家,比如国家税务总局原副局长许善达,他给出的数据是44%,远高于国际平均线38.8%。这个是统一口径的问题,比如是否把社保也统计进去。不过,并不是说税负越低越好,因为国家为了维持再分配和提供公共服务的能力,必须维持合理的税负。
而我国个人所得税覆盖人群少得可怜。作为一个普遍的税种,一般发达国家的个税覆盖率能达到70%,而我国只有2800万人缴个人所得税,覆盖率才2%!因为我国个税采用工作单位代扣代缴,所以庞大的农民群体不在个税征收范围内,同时,很多进城的农民工没有规范的劳务合同,雇佣单位也不会代扣代缴。而更有意思的是,虽然很多企业高管、富人有工作单位,但避税手段多样,比如让国内公司给自己开个低薪,在避税天堂开公司给自己开高工资等等,就能逃避不少个税等,也成为个税的盲点。
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