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傅莹在美媒刊文:中国为什么对南海仲裁说不

2016-07-12 07:23:49   观察者网

中国为什么无法承认、执行海牙法庭即将做出的裁决?虽然《联合国海洋法公约》第288条第4款规定,仲裁庭应决定自身是否具有管辖权,但这条规定并非无条件适用。实际上,国际法里不存在绝对的权力。海牙法庭的权威与权力是由各个国家授予的,它是《联合国海洋法公约》之下的一个国际争端解决机制。如果该法庭滥用权力,中国以及国际社会中的任何一员,都有权利拒绝它的裁定。在本案中,该法庭以鲁莽和武断的方式行事。这样一来,它已经违背了国际法治的基本原则,损害了中国和其他国家对《联合国海洋法公约》的信心。

我们还不知道仲裁的结果,但我们知道,海牙仲裁庭未能充分了解和调查中菲之间真正的争端。它忽略了菲律宾立案声索的本质和目的,故意仅把此案视作一个关于《联合国海洋法公约》解读和适用性的问题,但事实上,菲方提出的仲裁远远超出这个范围。南海的地理情况特殊,中菲两国的海洋主张可能有所重叠,仲裁庭未能考虑这些因素,对此中国表示高度关切。

中国决定不承认、不执行仲裁庭的判决,其中原因不难理解。目前已有60多个国家表达了对中国立场的支持,即通过谈判磋商解决南海问题。作为《联合国海洋法公约》的缔约国,中国支持并尊重公约的原则和精神。中国反对的不是《联合国海洋法公约》和强制仲裁,而是海牙法庭在此案中对权力的滥用。

今天,大多数争端都是直接涉及的国家通过谈判解决的。此类谈判,无论是双边还是多边谈判,先决条件都是所涉各国的协议或同意。中国在仲裁案件中的主张和立场,既符合国际法的基本精神,也与国际关系中的国家实践相一致。

此次仲裁无法解决中国与菲律宾之间的南海争端,反而会加剧紧张局势,破坏地区和平稳定。如果南海地区各国不愿事态进一步激化,就必须回到通过谈判解决争端的道路上来。中国和东盟国家已同意通过双轨方式来处理这个问题——也就是说,通过和平谈判解决争端。关于南海各方行为准则的磋商正在取得进展,这种势头不应被打断。

正如习近平主席所说,中国致力于维护国际正义,反对将某一国意愿强加于其他人民。如何处理南海问题,关乎正义、和平与稳定。南海地区各国需要共同努力,建立以规则为基础的合作。国际社会应当支持中国和其他沿海国家为和平管理及解决争端所做出的努力;尊重中国通过谈判解决争端的选择;并保护国际机制——尤其是《联合国海洋法公约》——的合法性和的公平性。

(观察者网杨晗轶译自《外交政策》)

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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