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南海诸岛主权归中国 历史事实无可争辩

2016-07-08 15:11:18   

资料图:美军斯坦尼斯航母在中国南海海域“巡航”。

早在2000多年前的秦汉时期,中国人民已经开始在南海航行和生产活动,不仅首先发现南海诸岛,并对南海有了初步认识。东汉杨孚《异物志》记载:“涨海崎头,水浅而多磁石。”“崎头”即我国古人对南海礁屿和浅滩的称呼;而“涨海”即我国古代对南海最早的称谓。

隋唐时期分别以七洲洋、珊瑚洲、焦石山、象石等指称南海海域或岛礁,尽管名称不尽相同,但表明随着我国人民在南海活动的增加,对南海的认知程度逐步加深并趋向了具体化。

至宋代,南海诸岛和南海海域已经成为我国人民日常生产生活的家园,不仅以“石塘”“长沙”对南海不同岛礁和不同海域清晰地加以区别和命名,而且将南海诸岛纳入了版图。目前所见把南海岛礁命名为“石塘”的最早史籍,是宋代文献《宋会要》,成书于13世纪初的《琼管志》一书则首次将南海岛礁分别称为“千里长沙”“万里石塘”。由此至明清两代,“石塘”“长沙”作为我国南海诸岛的通用名,而被广泛使用,并见诸各类历史文献和舆图。

我国政府对南海诸岛的管辖从唐宋开始渐趋展开。赵汝适《诸蕃志》中记载,在唐代南海诸岛隶属于海南四州军。宋代沿袭唐代设置,南海诸岛仍属于广南西路琼管吉阳军的管辖范围,标志着中国政府将南海诸岛纳入版图、设置行政建制初现端倪。

设立“水师”,纳入海防,则是中国政府对南海实施管辖的又一个重要方式。据成书于1040年的我国第一部官修兵书《武经总要》记载,宋太祖在907年建立了巡海水师,巡管南海海面。

明清时期,对南海诸岛的经营开发和管辖有了进一步发展。目前所见《更路簿》有数十种抄本,这一珍贵的文献,真实记录了我国渔民从海南文昌清澜港、琼海潭门港等地出发,前往西沙、南沙海域的情况,其中记录生产作业线大约200条,渔民给西沙、南沙岛礁命名的地名大约120个,充分说明我国人民经营开发的范围完全涵盖了今天南海诸岛中的主要岛礁和海域,西沙和南沙海域是我国人民世世代代生产经营的传统渔场,足以表明中国在南海享有历史性权利。

在明清时期,我国政府对南海诸岛实施管辖的机制更加完备,一方面继续将南海诸岛明确地纳入版图,并置于广东省琼州府万州辖下。另一方面持续实施水师巡视,明朝设立巡海备倭官和海南卫,清朝设立崖州协水师营,负责对包括南海在内海域的巡视和军事戍卫。

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