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如果退出《联合国海洋法公约》,中国是否会因此面临什么严重不利影响呢?简单来说不会。中国将会继续享有《联合国海洋法公约》带来的大多数有利条件,因为现在该公约的绝大多数条款都已被视作习惯国际法的组成部分。唯一的例外可能是《公约》中有关“区域”的条款,比如深海采矿(第XI部分)、海洋技术的开发与转让(第XIV部分)以及关于强制性争端解决的条款(第XV部分)。以美国为例,虽然过去33年来一直不是《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,但它从未遇到过什么严重问题。正好相反,美国享受到了《公约》框架下的大部分有利条件(例如航行和飞跃自由、专属经济区和大陆架权益等),而无需承担任何《公约》所要求的责任。如果退出《公约》,中国将不再享有国际海洋法法庭的法官席位,不再向大陆架界限委员会派驻代表,也不再是国际海底管理局的成员国。中国可能根据习惯国际法来主张对外大陆架及其资源的权益,但其能源公司会被排除在该“区域”的勘探和开发活动之外(除非它们是由另一缔约国注册和资助)。
中国最终是否想要继续成为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,将取决于司法和政治领域的“成本收益”分析结果。《公约》本身为中国提供了退出途径,若其领土主权受到根据《公约》设立的仲裁法庭所作裁决的侵害,则其就有理由退出。(作者是德国波恩大学国际公法研究所所长、牛津大学圣安妮学院兼职研究员,本文由王晓雄翻译)
责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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