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黄金价格继续承压

2017-09-21 09:42:18   中国经济网

如果失业率继续下滑,消费者收入及支出继续增加,而楼价继续反弹,风险可能变成美联储将大幅加息。2019年年末,美联储可能不会将利率设在3%(似乎有点像白日梦),但利率确实可能达到2%。如果美联储到了2019年年末加息不止市场所预计的1次或是2次,将不利于贵金属。同样,削减美联储庞大的资产负债表的规模,也将推动中期和长期利率上涨,但未必刺激金价。而如果政府和国会采取令市场意外的举动并通过重大的税改或基础设施开支计划,同时避免政府停摆,同样会提升加息预期,而打击贵金属价格。

另一方面值得一提的是,已经消退的加息预期可能进一步降低。股市估值极高,但企业收入不再增加。如果股市大幅修正,利率市场可能从预测美联储紧缩步调极其缓慢,变成预测根本不会加息,甚至开始预测美联储可能逆转进程开始宽松政策。在此种情况下,贵金属可能飙升,黄金将大幅上涨,因为黄金在贵金属中对利率最为反向敏感。

贵金属价格无法上涨的一个终极原因是:黄金和白银的开采供应持续增加而不是放慢。联邦基金期货的变动主导逐日黄金和白银价格的同时,开采供应的变动逐年产生强大的影响,两种金属2017年的开采供应量可能双双到达创纪录的高位,对价格不利。此外,开采供应量可能继续增加。黄金价格在每盎司818美元(每盎司630美元营运成本+每盎司188美元间接成本)的价位,开采有利可图;在每盎司1300美元价位,平均毛利率为59%。白银的总现金成本+2016年生产资本支出成本平均为每盎司11.38美元。银价逼近每盎司17.50美元,这给了白银开采商与黄金生厂商相近似的经营利润。由于开采获利丰厚,这可能刺激更多的投资,并导致供应进一步增加,令长期价格面临下行压力。

唯一例外的是铂金。铂金生产的平均成本是每盎司974美元,接近铂金当前的价格。与过去10年黄金和白银的采矿供应分别增加27%和33%截然相反,铂金采矿供应比10年前下跌8%。不幸的是,汽车和电子行业对铂金的需求欠佳。2007年,4109吨铂金用于制作汽车的催化转化器,而2016年该数据是3286吨。同期,铂金的电子需求从397吨减少到148吨,玻璃用途则从431吨减少到291吨。石化行业对金属的使用同样更加克制,过去10年的需求下跌了20%。其他领域例如零售投资、珠宝和其他工业应用的增长不足以抵消汽车、电子、玻璃和石化行业需求的下跌。因此,矿物供应对铂金价格的影响不如黄金和白银。

基于以上分析,我们认为利率市场对贵金属价格的影响达到前所未有的程度;贵金属价格对美联储加息预期减少反应良好;加息预期减少似乎源于政治担心,而不是当前的经济数据,后者仍然表现理想;如果政治担忧今年夏季得到解决,加息预期将重新回弹,从而影响贵金属价格;如果股市盘整,而政治担心加剧,政府关停,可能进一步抑制加息预期,推高贵金属价格;鉴于采矿的盈利能力,黄金和白银的矿物供应增长可能继续;矿物供应增加可能限制黄金及白银价格的涨势;汽车、电子、石化和玻璃行业的铂金需求较少,使得矿物供应减少难以支持价格。

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