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“两票制”下药企面临三重反垄断风险

2017-09-09 07:51:49   新华网

对于“两票制”给药企营销模式带来的影响,一些业内律师向医药企业发出警告,应该防范在调整销售方式和销售体系当中,面临的反垄断法律风险。

“两票制”下,医药采购销售流程将简化为:医药生产企业通过流通企业将药品销售给医院。在这种转售模式下,流通企业需要按照医药生产企业和医院之间确定的价格进行配送、转售。北京大成律师事务所律师魏士廪分析,这可能构成生产企业对流通企业的转售价格限制,存在纵向垄断协议的风险。

2016年国家发改委对美敦力的处罚案就是前车之鉴。美国美敦力公司是全球最大的医疗器械公司。经调查,至少从2014年起,美敦力就与平台商和一级经销商达成垄断协议,限定相关医疗器械产品的转售价格、投标价格和最低销售价。美敦力制定了产品价格表,列明各销售环节的价格,直接固定了平台商向经销商的转售价格。国家发改委认定:美敦力的行为违反反垄断法,责令美敦力立即停止实施价格垄断行为,并处2015年度涉案产品销售额4%的罚款,计1.1852亿元。

对于如何防范纵向操作药品价格的法律风险,魏士廪给药企的建议是,医药企业应在与经销商的代理协议中充分说明经销商的权利和义务,特别是对于经销商的供货价格、折扣和返利等核心条款予以确定,药企不应干预。

  经销商价格合谋加大横向垄断风险

“两票制”下,由于经销环节简化,经销商之间的兼并情况会增多,医药流通市场的兼并收购可能导致这一市场的进一步集中。医药企业与竞争对手进行价格合谋或协同的可能性增大。这样,医药企业面临又一个反垄断风险:横向价格垄断或价格合谋。

类似的案件已有查处先例。艾司唑仑原料药市场是典型的寡头垄断市场,仅有三家企业实际生产,分别是华中药业股份公司、山东信谊制药公司和常州四药制药公司。上述三家药企因横向垄断协议,2016年被国家发改委处罚,合计罚款260余万元。

如何防范横向垄断协议风险?北京方达律师事务所反垄断团队建议,医药生产企业在药品集中采购过程中,需要防止与其他竞争者之间进行敏感信息的交换,避免提供或获得其他竞争对手可用来未来定价的信息。同时,流通企业应当建立必要的防火墙机制,避免成为不同医药生产企业信息交换的中介。

  专利药或因成本提价加大滥用支配地位风险

转变销售模式,医药企业正在收回经销商市场推广、仓储物流、渠道维护等部分职能。这可能导致其经营成本的增加,相应地,产品价格也会提高。那些拥有专利或者原料药的生产企业,要防范滥用市场支配地位的垄断风险。

重庆青阳是别嘌醇原料药的生产商,在全国占据100%的市场份额。重庆青阳在2013年至2014年期间,对别嘌醇原料药多次涨价,并且拒绝向市场上其他片剂生产商销售别嘌醇原料药。2015年12月,重庆市工商局认定,重庆青阳具有市场支配地位,其行为构成拒绝交易行为,违反了反垄断法规定,属于滥用市场支配地位拒绝交易的行为,对重庆青阳药业开出43.9万元的罚单。

国家发改委还查明,从2014年4月至2015年9月,重庆青阳及其关联销售公司重庆大同、江苏世贸天阶、上海信谊联合及其别嘌醇片独家经销企业商丘华杰,先后四次召开会议,达成并实施垄断协议。协议内容主要包括:协商统一上涨别嘌醇片价格;分割销售市场,三方协商划分了销售区域;约定招投标工作。三方必须在划定区域内进行招投标,不得到其他区域投标或议价。对此,国家发改委认定,上述药企的行为违反了反垄断法第十三条的规定,严重排除、限制了别嘌醇片市场的竞争,合计罚款近400万元。

对于过高定价问题,魏士廪建议,医药生产企业在考虑对产品定价进行调整时,需采取谨慎的态度,结合成本、历史价格等多种信息综合考虑。(记者 万静)

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