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央企重组从分到合:总数已减半 更注重重组效果

2017-09-05 09:22:10   中国经济网

有业内人士担心,央企大规模的兼并重组不利于市场竞争,存在加剧垄断的隐患。

中国企业研究院首席研究员李锦对时代周报记者表示,可以采取“统分结合,内外有别”的方针,即同领域企业在面对国际市场时,通过合并打响中国品牌,在国内依旧保持相对独立,参与市场竞争。李锦举例说,合并后的中车公司,在国内市场中,可以按科研、生产、销售环节分别成立三个公司,在公司下面分化出若干个子公司,内部充分竞争,确保活力。“要继承上一轮国企改革的成果,如果全都合并在一起,就可能退回去了。”李锦说道。

20年“分合”逻辑

上一轮国企改革的方式,主要是拆分。

1997年爆发的亚洲金融危机,使得本就困难的国企雪上加霜。相关数据显示,1997年底,国有及国有控股大中型企业为16874户,其中亏损的为6599户,占39.1%。1998年新一届政府上任后,提出了国有企业“三年脱困”的目标。

彼时还没有“中央企业”的说法,只有大国企。重组的主要思路是将大国企进行分拆,打破垄断,刺激竞争。

而其时国企重组的背景,是20世纪90年代提出的建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标,在当时的情况下,用市场手段解决国企问题是比较好的做法,因此确立了国企“有进有退、有所为有所不为”的原则,一些国企渐渐从竞争性的行业中退出来,给市场腾出了更大的空间。

2003年4月,国务院国资委挂牌成立,原来由若干个部委分散监管的企业变为由国资委统一监管,这改变了国企监管责任不清,“九龙治水”的局面。

“这些企业的情况差异比较大,有的在同一个领域里分得比较细,存在同质化竞争。”祝波善对时代周报记者说。另一方面,国资委成立后,提出要培育30-50家具有国际竞争力的大企业,做大做强国有企业。此后央企重组的思路从“分”转向了“合”。

此后7年里,央企数量从196家大幅降至123家,平均每年减少10家央企。数量虽然减少但规模却不断扩大,跻身世界500强的央企数量从7家增加到了38家,总利润从2400亿元增长到了1万亿元以上。

不过,激进重组的背后,央企“大而不强”“整而不合”等问题逐渐出现。有些央企整合后,在实际业务经营、人员管理方面并没有实现协同效应。

随着改革深入,重组的风险和难度不断增加,2010年8月,新上任的国资委主任王勇提出央企数量缩减速度要放缓。此后不到3年内,央企数量只减少了8家。

2013年十八届三中全会后,新一轮国企改革拉开大幕。作为国企改革的重要抓手,央企兼并重组的速度加快。其中,2015年12月就有4起央企重组,占全年的2/3。2016年又有6起央企重组。

对于下一阶段央企重组的重点,国资委副秘书长彭华岗近日表示:“央企重组中,数量并不是最终目的。下一步将更加注重重组的效果和质量,希望打造的是具有创新能力和国际竞争力的世界一流企业。”

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