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余永定:当前经济形势好转 完成汇改有利时间窗已现

2017-09-04 07:56:01   中国经济网

事实上,全球金融危机之后,中国资本外流有过几个小高潮。例如,2012年第三季度,中国出现较大规模的资本流出,并导致多年来中国首次出现资本项目逆差,其主要原因是2012年经济形势持续下行。但在当时,人民币汇率一直十分稳定,市场上也并不存在人民币贬值预期。2014年第一季度人民币贬值则更不是人民币贬值预期所致。相反,当时存在着相当强烈的人民币升值预期。从2014年第二季度开始,由于经济基本面的表现不及预期,我国的资本项目又开始出现逆差。随着资本项目逆差的增加,从2015年第一季度起,开始持续出现国际收支逆差。但是,从2012年第四季度起直到2015年“8.11”汇改前夕,人民币汇率的中间价基本上处于稳中有升的状态。尽管自2014年出现了贬值预期,这种预期是相当微弱的。例如,根据2015年四月份的市场远期汇率,市场预期在未来12个月中人民币将贬值1.6%。一些海外投行则预期人民币汇率在2015年底可能会由当时的6.3896升值到6.2.

“8.11”汇改之后,人民币贬值预期的急剧上升加剧了资本外流。在“8.11”汇改之后的2015年第三季度,中国的资本净外流由第二季度的508亿美元急剧上升到1409亿美元。但是也应该看到,自2014年第二季度到2015年第二季度(“8.11”汇改之前),中国资本净外流的季度平均数已经高达553亿美元;在2015年第一季度中国资本的净外流更是高达924亿美元。在资本和金融帐户中,对资本净外流贡献最大的项目是“其他投资”项目。“其他投资”项目主要记录短期资本流动,对汇率预期最为敏感。但2015年第一季度“其他投资”项目逆差为1170亿美元,而“8.11”汇改后的第三季度“其他投资”项目逆差为1050亿美元。总之,人民币汇率预期不是无源之水、无本之木。基本面是决定资本流动方向的决定性因素,汇率变动预期归根结底也是由基本面决定的。汇率贬值预期只是增加了资本外流的速度、扩大了资本外逃的规模,只有基本面的改变才能最终决定汇率预期的方向。

中国证券报:2017年上半年中国资本项目逆差大幅度减少,外汇储备增加,人民币明显升值,这背后的原因是什么?

余永定:目前中国国际收支状况持续改善,其原因还主要是在2016年至2017年之交,国际、国内经济基本面发生了有利于人民币汇率趋稳的变化以及央行加强了资本管制。 “基本面、资本流动、汇率变动、汇率变动预期”可以形成一个正反馈环路。但是,在一般情况下,汇率变动预期不会对基本面造成长期、持久和根本性的影响。因而,正反馈环路应该是“资本流动、汇率变动、汇率变动预期”。基本面的改善,完全可以切断上述正反馈环路。汇率本身的自我稳定作用和资本管制也可以切断或削弱这种正反馈机制。反之,在基本面未改变的情况下,试图通过稳定汇率切断上述正反馈回路,结果要么是代价高昂、要么是整个系统崩溃。

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