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人工智能:颠覆性创新还是文明终结者?

2017-08-29 09:35:31   新华网

“但这两类职业都不可完全脱离人的智能管理作用,尤其在人工智能无法完全胜任的关键工作环节,仍需人为高智商干预。”明东强调。

而对于需要创造性智慧的职业,如高等教育的教学与科研,目前尚无迹象显示有人工智能机器人欲取代人类。

可以预见,随着人工智能技术的高度发展,那些无需很高教育背景、专业知识、岗位职责界限清晰的职业被智能机器人取代的可能性较大;而只有在高学历教育背景培育下不断努力学习、更新知识结构、不断创新的职业才不会被人工智能替代,因为正是他们在不断促进人工智能的发展,也正因如此,人类才能进入更高文明的智能社会。

任何新兴技术都有可能是双刃剑

“一旦毫无情感的智能机器被用于战场、或被不法分子掌握,将给人类带来灾难。这是人类当前应认真思考和面对的问题,须及早达成全球共识、提前防范。应通过因势利导、合理利用,让人工智能更多地为人类社会发展谋福利,同时建立健全相关法律法规并共同遵守,防止技术被不法分子利用,使之造福人类而无祸害。”——明东

今年4月,著名英国物理学家史蒂芬·威廉·霍金在北京举办的全球移动互联网大会上做视频演讲时指出,人工智能可能是人类文明的终结者。“人工智能崛起要么是人类最好的事,要么就是最糟糕的事。人类需警惕人工智能发展的威胁。因为人工智能一旦脱离束缚,以不断加速的状态重新设计自身,人类由于受到漫长的生物进化限制,将无法与之竞争。”霍金警告。

曾经的科幻已成为了现实,然而人工智能是否会像霍金警告的那样,摆脱人类的控制,并给人类造成灾难呢?明东对此进行了层层剖析。

他指出,人工智能的本质是对人类思维信息过程的模拟。现代电子计算机的产生与发展便是对人脑思维信息过程与功能的模拟及创新,“师从人类而某些功能又高于人类。前不久,机器人阿尔法狗大胜全球围棋名段高手即为一例。”他称。

人工智能已在机器视觉、指纹识别、人脸识别、视网膜识别、虹膜识别、掌纹识别、专家系统、自动规划、智能搜索、定理证明、博弈、自动程序设计、智能控制、机器人学、语言和图像理解、遗传编程等诸多领域得到广泛应用,尤其是在自然科学研究中发挥的作用令人类望尘莫及,这有助于人类自身智能发展的突破。

与此同时,人工智能也对人类社会生活、政治经济、科学技术等方面带来巨大且深刻的影响,甚至能引发安全问题。有学者认为,让计算机拥有智商很危险,它可能会反抗人类。另一方面,伴随着人工智能和智能机器人的发展,人类迟早不得不面对人工智能可能触及社会伦理底线的敏感难题。“人工智能发展前景广阔,同时,它又模糊了物理现实与主观感受的心理界限,衍生出错综复杂的伦理、法律和安全问题,需要及早预防、提前布局,审慎应对、避免冲突,免得措手不及。”明东指出。

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