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海外投资指引出炉 并购专家支招中企出海“避雷术”

2017-08-27 07:50:48   中国经济网

徐亮:反向分手费现在在中国买家走出去的过程中,逐渐变成了一种市场惯例,大概的比例是收购价格的3%至10%之间。分手费这个概念在美国主要是针对上市公司作为被收购方,惩罚的对象主要是卖方而不是买方,因为上市公司在签署了收购协议之后可能会出现条件更好的要约收购,从而放弃原来的买方,并赔偿其损失。反过来,如果是惩罚买家,因为买方的原因导致无法交割(如收购资金未能按时到位),就叫做反向分手费。因为中国买家国内审批、备案的风险对于西方卖家来讲不可控,在国际交易中外国卖方常常要求中国买方承担这方面的风险。

第二,从美国卖家的角度来说,我要卖公司,可以邀请全球的潜在买家来买,来自美国和欧洲的买家要通过美国的国家安全审查相对比较容易。而来自中国的买家很多情况下需要进入第二阶段审查,需要好几个月的时间,项目的不确定性会增加。作为卖家,美方的立场是我对你们是一视同仁的,你有这样的限制,虽然是美国政府施加的,但是对我来讲,如果你买我的话,你得承担这个风险,你能够提出比人家更优越的条件(如反向分手费),我才会考虑你。这是所谓的China Premium(中国溢价)原因之一,因为西方卖家认为来自中国的买家的不确定性更强,风险更大,需要更高的价格或更好的条款来保护自己。

经济观察报:新形势下,中企在海外并购中面临什么样的挑战?

徐亮:目前比较大的挑战就是国外对中资并购的审查趋严。美国已经吵吵嚷嚷要把国家安全审查机制进行扩张,甚至提议要和贸易挂钩,要审查中国贸易。美国财政部长近日公开表示,过会应通过立法,对负责开展国家安全审查的跨部门委员会——美国外资投资委员会(CFIUS)的授权法加以修订。该审查旨在评估导致外国人控制美国公司的相关交易对美国国家安全所造成的影响。上文提到的福建宏芯去收购德国半导体企业(在美国有业务),最终过不了CFIUS审查收购失败。

德国政府也于今年7月份出台新的法规,新规的大意是德国经济部门会对外国的收购进行审查,最长可拥有5年时间的启动交易审查,这在以前是没有的。另外,有报告义务的行业,从国防领域和涉及保护机密文件的信息技术企业,扩大到关键性基础设施及其软件服务供应商、云计算、医疗领域提供远程信息基础设施产品等,只要收购德国企业25%以上股权的交易都需要向德国联邦政府报告。

美国对海外收购一直比较敏感,CFIUS审查制度存在很久了,设立以来它查得最多的就是中国企业。而德国这个是最新推出来的。德国经济体系中中小企业占了一大部分,很多中国企业去了觉得性价比好,产业结合度高,中国在德国并购的企业很多,德国商界和政府已经开始警觉起来。中国文化和欧美差别还挺大的。中国人做生意、做项目的方式、并购的手法,概念都和他们不一样,并购之后的融合,也是我们的企业需要深入思考的。

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