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海外投资指引出炉 并购专家支招中企出海“避雷术”

2017-08-27 07:50:48   中国经济网

经济观察报:2016年中国企业海外交易宣布后被取消的金额超过750亿美元,涉及30多个海外并购案,2015年被取消的金额只有100亿美元。为何“流产”的海外项目激增?

徐亮:最近一段时间出现问题的主要是因为国内外汇监管收紧。去年11月到12月,甚至到1月份,我们了解的好多项目都停掉了。今年2、3、4月份还属于僵持阶段,5月份才开始逐渐复苏一些了,可能主要也是因为外汇形势转好了。

对我们接触到的企业客户来说,如果是传统制造业的收购,例如智能化技术升级,他们可能没有那么担心,虽然并购项目的审批或备案时间表可能比一年以前长一点,但是对于监管严控的酒店、娱乐、足球俱乐部等项目,外汇出境基本上没戏了。去年年底以来宣布的海外交易不少,但最后没有成功,其中有一个原因就是资金的匹配最后发生问题。

另外一种情况是,部分企业海外筹划缺乏经验,不够系统化,出现临时变卦的情况。在项目进行到一半的过程中,尤其是尽职调查进行到一定程度之后,有不少企业发现目标公司的状况没有想象的那么好,企业内部决策层没能通过。也有少数企业片面追求国际化,没有想明白并购的协同效应就签了约。一般而言,并购步骤大致是签署谅解备忘录,大致约定项目标的、价格、交易流程、交割条件等,然后开展尽职调查,之后起草交易文件并进行谈判,最后签署并购协议。一般来说,在美欧等发达国家,签一个并购协议甚至是并没有法律约束力的谅解备忘录都是非常严肃的事情。但是中国企业的商业文化和合同理念不同,有的时候签一个合同相当于剪一个彩,对合同条款并没有仔细研究吃透,将来产生问题和风险的时候,西方企业只认合同条款并通过诉讼、仲裁等法律机制解决争议,中方容易处于下风。反过来,西方的卖家也害怕中国买家只是“橱窗购物”(window shopping),进入资料库看了一圈、随便报个价练练手就走了。签完约后悔的也有,比如发现国内政策发生变化、公司更换领导之后想法有变等,都有可能导致最后没有交割。

经济观察报:在外汇管制的情况下,中企海外收购面临怎样的挑战?结合你接手过的并购案例,当前海外并购资金如何出海?

徐亮:一般资金走出去,正常的流程是先去发改委和商务局备案,外汇银行在外管局的网站系统里看到备案之后,就可以将资金汇出。但是去年11月以后,发改委发文对涉及酒店、传媒、球队等行业,以及非主营业务的海外并购进行管控,即便是管控之外的项目,备案时间的可预测性也大大降低了。备案,原来真的是一个很简单的事情,大概几个星期就可以做好。去年年底的时候,备案之后又多了一些外管局的程序,对项目的合规性和真实性进行审查,原来这并不是一个很明显的步骤。

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