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拒收现金被指“违法” “无现金”前景几何

2017-08-04 10:17:08   新华网

对于拒收人民币现金的行为,中国政法大学金融创新与互联网金融法治研究中心副秘书长赵鹞表示,比如去购物,如果商家正好没有零钞了另当别论,但商家在有条件接受纸币的条件下不接受纸币,要求通过移动支付的方式,就违反了人民币管理条例。因为《条例》第二条写明,人民币包括纸币和硬币。

“现阶段,数字货币还没出来,手机、支付工具里的钱,只是人民币的电子化符号。”赵鹞说,中国人民银行印制的钞票进入商业银行体系,相当于提供基础货币,商业银行再通过货币创造的方式,衍生出更多流通中的货币,由M0到M2,但不能说M2可以脱离M0独立存在。

  疑问2 拒收现金应受到何种责罚?

如果商家出现拒收现金的行为,应该由谁监管呢?

前述律师表示,按照法律规定,人民币的发行和监管归于中国人民银行,拒收现金的行为也应由央行监管。“不要现金,也就是近一两年才出现的事。对商家拒收有没有处罚、会不会有罚款之类的,目前还没有看到。”

“我们国家关于这块的法律不完善,《中华人民共和国人民币管理条例》是2000年制定的,现在过去17年了,可能有些规定不是很适用现在的情况。”赵鹞表示。

赵鹞介绍称,《条例》出台时,涉及的罚则主要是伪钞,当时面临的主要风险可能是这个方面,因为当时银行卡都不是很普及,没有考虑到现在所出现的问题。“但是不能因为有些规定不适用现在的情况,就认为这个规定是无效的。”

新京报记者注意到,《条例》共有8条罚则,主要涉及故意损毁人民币、制造假币、以及拒兑残缺污损人民币等。并未涉及该《条例》第三条规定的拒收问题。

  ■ 观点

  当下现金仍具备一定必要性

2017年年初以来,“无现金”社会引起热议,一些第三方移动支付机构也通过线上、线下活动推动无现金消费。

无现金社会是个开放式的问题,全世界没有国家说要建成一个完全没有现金的社会,有没有现金的问题到现在没有研究清楚。说个很极端的情况,如果银行倒闭了,存的钱怎么办,没有现金怎么挤兑?”中国政法大学金融创新与互联网金融法治研究中心副秘书长赵鹞表示。

赵鹞认为,“无现金”对降低交易成本、改善市场秩序、助力金融普惠都有正面意义,但现金还具备一定的必要性,“无现金”背后也有信息被泄露或者不正当使用等风险。

“无现金需要电子化支付,所有的交易信息被记录,在大数据等技术下,如果政府监管不到位,法律不完善,会有互联网巨头悄悄采集所有隐私数据,包括金融交易、支付数据,每个人都有保护自己隐私的权利。”赵鹞举例称,瑞典无现金率大概有98%,但是瑞典中央银行和国会并没有取消现金的流通,因为现金是每个公民接受货币系统服务的权利。

不过,也有观点对无现金社会的前景表示了看好。上海市互联网金融行业协会副秘书长孟添曾撰文称,“在不久的将来,中国能够实现无现金社会,因为‘天时、地利、人和’已皆俱。”他认为,随着新技术不断发展,无现金社会是货币形态演变的必然趋势,“就好像铜钱替代贝壳,纸币替代银元,最终电子货币将替代纸币成为货币,是目前能够预知的最终形态。”

孟添认为,无现金社会并不是消灭现金,而是将无现金作为主流支付方式,包括互联网支付、银行卡、二维码、NFC(近场支付)等各类支付工具的应用。(新京报记者 陈鹏)

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