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耐用品订单数据不佳,能说明美国经济复苏放缓吗?

2017-07-12 18:04:01   

第二,环比数据本身具有一定季节性,与历史同期相比更能看出数据的好坏。2014年5月,美国耐用品新增订单环比下降0.9%,2015年5月环比下降2.3%,2016年5月环比下降2.9%,2017年5月的数据明显好于历史同期水平。

第三,从美国商务部发布的相关数据“制造业新订单:核心资本品(剔除国防和飞机)”也可以看出,企业资本支出并未放缓,而是正在稳步上升。剔除国防和飞机的核心资本品订单5月环比下降0.2%,同比增长1.1%。环比虽然下降,但2014年5月该数据为-1.4%,2015年同期为-0.8%,2016年同期为-0.5%;而从同比增速看,其为2015年2月以来新高,也是在26个月同比负增长之后第2个月正增长。

其次,从最近下调的几个数字看,IMF给出的下调美国经济增速的理由是:因特朗普政策落实的不确定性,需要去除一部分假设的刺激因素。即此次下调美国经济增速是由于此前对特朗普的经济刺激计划预期过高,并不是因为对美国经济内生增长动力判断的修正。而2.1%的经济增长较2016年1.6%的实际增速仍有较大幅度上升。同时,IMF也指出,美国处于充分就业,就业增长持续强劲;美联储应该继续逐渐加息,这事实上表达了对美国经济增长健康程度的认可。而亚特兰大联储下调后的二季度2.7%的增长较一季度的1.4%亦有大幅抬升,为2015年以来仅次于2016年三季度的第二高水平。因此,这两次对美国经济增速的下调大致可以理解为对乐观预期的修正,并不能说明经济增长实际放缓。

再次,从美联储货币政策正常化的节奏看,美联储对美国经济仍持有信心。2017年,美联储明显加快了国内货币政策正常化的速度。6月,美联储进行了年内的第二次加息,同时公布了缩表计划,预计年内将开始缩表。此次会议上,美联储将2017年GDP增速预测从3月的2.1%上调至2.2%,将2017—2019年的失业率预测从3月的4.5%、4.5%、4.5%下调至4.3%、4.2%、4.2%,显示对经济增长和就业市场继续持乐观态度。在会议声明中,美联储肯定了2017年以来的经济增速温和,指出家庭支出“回升”(picked up),企业资本支出“持续扩张”(continue to expand),同样展现了对美国经济基本面的认可。

最后,从需求端看,美国GDP可以分解为个人消费支出、私人投资、商品与服务净出口以及政府消费支出和投资。其中,个人消费支出是最主要的贡献者。而个人消费支出增速自2016年二季度以来稳健攀升,美国的个人可支配收入实际增速自2017年以来也触底反弹,收入增速的回升预示着未来消费支出增速仍将维持稳健。此外,如前文所述,美国企业资本支出仍维持稳步上升,这意味着私人投资对经济增长的贡献正在逐步攀升。而特朗普政府对缩减美国贸易逆差的追求意味着商品与服务净出口对经济增长的贡献大概率上升。一季度,商品与服务净出口贡献了美国GDP增长的0.23个百分点,而2016年同期贡献为0.01个百分点,2014年和2015年同期均为负贡献。就政府支出而言,尽管特朗普政府的基建计划落实程度还不确定,但至少不会太过拉低政府支出对经济增长的贡献。

因此,综合看,尽管美国近期经济数据表现不佳,增长较此前预期或有所下调,但美国经济的复苏趋势并无变化,近期的经济数据或许更应被视为短期波动。而美国的货币政策正常化进程预计也将按照美联储预定的路径实施,即年内还有至少一次加息,年内大概率开始缩表。(中新经纬APP)

【专家简介】朱启兵,中银国际证券首席宏观分析师,曾任民族证券首席宏观分析师、《经济学》(季刊)编辑部主任等职务。

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