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何帆:国企是去杠杆的主攻方向有四大难点

2017-06-16 17:24:28   

国企去杠杆的困难及建议

国有企业杠杆率偏高不是一个新话题,但之所以迟迟不能实现去杠杆,概括来说主要有以下四点困难。

第一,国有企业的职能过多,背负了额外的负担。这种负担主要体现为三个方面。一是稳定税收。国企贡献了大量的国家税收,其每100元营业收入的纳税额是8.55元,私人企业是3.02元,外资企业是3.03元,国有企业的税赋为其他企业的2.8倍。二是稳定就业。国企创造就业的效率事实上要低于私营企业,但是稳定内部就业的压力迫使国有企业要从事很多非核心业务。例如,武钢办养猪场的目的是“充分利用富余的后勤人员,解决职工就业问题,履行社会责任”。三是稳定投资和GDP。国有企业的投资效率和GDP创造并不比私营企业更有效率和优势。但是在特殊时期,地方政府与国有企业更容易达成默契,国有企业因此成了政府部门实施逆周期调控的核心主体。

第二,国有资产处置敏感。去杠杆意味着资产和负债两端同时承压。其中,资产端的压力主要体现为国有资产处置比较敏感。一方面,处置国有企业资产的过程如果不顺利,就会出现旧账变新账的情况,这对国有企业的责任人会产生负向激励。另一方面,任何资产处置都对应着沉没成本的流失,沉没成本、估值损失等价值消失成了阻碍国有企业资产处置的重要障碍。国有资产流失一直是非常敏感的话题,因处置资产而导致资产变现价值下降,是对国有企业负责人的另一个负向激励。

第三,国有银行部门面临较大的损失压力。除了资产端面临阻力,国有企业的负债端也面临巨大压力,因为国企的负债主要对应着国有银行的资产。国有企业通过处置资产而承受的损失,部分可以通过自身消化,但仍有相当部分要传导到国有银行部门,形成不良贷款。当前,大型国有银行在金融监管强化的背景下已经苦不堪言,承担着较大的资本金压力。因此,国有银行部门为了规避不良贷款,不会积极配合国有企业去杠杆。地方性城商行更是如此,他们的客户主要是地方国企,地方国企又是最近一轮加杠杆的主力。这些地方性银行的抗风险能力本身较弱,在国企去杠杆的过程中,承受的压力尤其大。

第四,国有企业去杠杆过于追求效率,反而导致效率下降。根据国发[2016]53号文,降杠杆要充分考虑不同类型行业和企业的杠杆特征,分类施策,有扶有控,不搞“一刀切”。然而在政策落实的过程中,各方都会在分类施策的标准中找到对自己有利的解释,导致分类处置的结果是“都不用处置”,稳妥有序的初衷产生了效率低下的后果。此外,去杠杆只是一种手段和过程,最终目的是通过降低国有企业杠杆率,促进国企改革和提质增效。然而,当前在推动去杠杆的过程中,部分领域和部门把去杠杆从手段变成了目的。

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