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西南电力市场水火不济都受伤

2017-05-22 12:36:23   经济参考报

西南某大型国有煤企负责人认为,“多年来水电、火电不匹配,多是水火不济,水多时压火,压火则压煤;网电之争、电价之争,降电价则降煤价。弃水保火,保了火也相应保了煤,煤电虽为唇齿相依,但却形不成共同体,反而成了一种矛盾体。”

经过多年发展,四川、云南水电装机位于国内前列。但近年来,在装机迅速增长和用电增速放缓的双重压力下,川滇弃水愈演愈烈;相应地,两省火电企业的设备利用小时数也严重下降,生存空间越来越小。记者从国家电网四川省电力公司了解到,2016年四川的火电利用小时数首次低于2000小时,较上一年减少了近20%。

拥有两台60万千瓦燃煤机组的国电成都金堂发电有限公司(以下简称“国电金堂电厂”),是目前成都市范围内唯一一座火电厂。国电金堂电厂总经理覃明东告诉记者,由于金堂电厂承担着为成都电网调峰的特殊职能,成为整个四川唯一没有调度全停的火电厂,但即便如此,2016年的设备利用小时数还不到2012年时的一半,长期处于“单机、低负荷”状态运行。

“十二五”以来,电力供需形势随着宏观经济运行的变化进入新常态。这固然是当前西南地区的水电与火电“两败俱伤”不可忽视的大环境,但长期以来以省为壑的发展路子已不能适应能源革命的需要。

首先,立足国家利益、加大宏观调控力度已是当务之急。国务院发展研究中心研究员王亦楠撰文指出,我国资源分布同生产力发展格局严重不相匹配,尤需在国家层面上实现资源优化配置(西电东送、西气东输、南水北调等),宏观调控绝不是可有可无、可多可少的。火电大扩容的直接后果是严重挤占了可再生能源的市场空间,该建的跨省送电通道被搁浅、该输出的电力输不出去,省际壁垒和地方保护已成清洁能源发展的严重羁绊。

其次,加大全国层面的统筹平衡,实现资源最优配置。四川、云南等地的电力行业人士建议,应加大统筹平衡,在全国范围内统筹火电和清洁能源建设,坚持开发与市场消纳相结合,统筹水电的开发与外送,打破两网和省间壁垒,实现西南水电资源在更大范围内的优化配置和全国共享。

第三,业内人士建议国家相关部门可进一步完善跨省跨区水火电交易机制和外来水电参与调峰机制,缓解购电省份火电机组停机备用、深度调峰等压力;在确保消纳国家计划分配跨省区发购电量的前提下,明确跨省区发购电量同比例参与受电省份电力市场化交易等问题。

此外,健全煤—电—用利益联动机制。一方面,组织煤、电企业签订有量有价的电煤供销年度中长期合同,推进电煤中长期购销合同签订和履行;另一方面,深化电力体制改革,丰富交易品种,指导煤炭、电力、用户适时调整价格策略,形成利益共享、风险共担、协同发展的联动机制。

(责编:贾兴鹏、夏晓伦)

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