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西南电力市场水火不济都受伤

2017-05-22 12:36:23   经济参考报

尽管采取一系列激励措施解除了电煤红色预警,但受到融资难、涉法涉诉问题较多、煤—电—用全产业链联动机制缺失等影响,煤炭产能释放缓慢,供应总体偏紧局面短期内仍难以化解。

“旺季不旺”凸显产能过剩危机

在“276个工作日”制度的推动下,2016年全国原煤产量持续下降,煤炭需求却因天气、宏观经济回暖等因素意外走强,导致全国煤炭供应持续偏紧,煤炭价格一路飙升。

然而,煤炭价格“淡季不淡”,价格上涨直接传导至煤电企业,推高了发电成本,让煤电企业“旺季不旺”,甚至陷入大面积亏损。贵州某火电公司有关负责人介绍,煤价直线上涨,省内火电企业煤价平均上涨150元左右。去年公司火电发电量304亿千瓦时,单位售电成本0.2947元/千瓦时,其中燃料成本0.1453元/千瓦时。

一些煤炭、电力企业负责人介绍,煤电对立时,政府“有形之手”往往依据市场反转情况“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”;同时发电企业对政府有依赖心理,不愿占压资金增加库存而持观望态度,造成煤与电这对“难兄难弟”互相伤害。

同时,地方在电力体制改革中要求发电企业通过市场交易电量向用户让利,令煤电企业的现金流更加“吃紧”。

“去年公司市场交易电量占总发电量的一半以上,每度电向用户平均让利9分钱。平均售电不含税价为0.2399元/千瓦时,低于标杆电价4分钱/千瓦时。上游煤价上涨叠加下游电价下降,导致每发一度电亏损3到5分钱,全年预计亏损10亿元以上,一些机组被迫停运。”上述火电公司有关负责人说。

一些煤电企业认为,亏损的直接原因是煤炭行业与煤电企业价格机制的冲突,以及部分省份发用电计划过快放开。同时,电力直接交易规模大幅度拉低发电企业交易电价,加上直接交易电量不再享受脱硫脱硝和超低排放的电价补贴,原先煤电联动的上网标杆电价已经名存实亡。

但也有分析人士指出,煤电企业大面积亏损的根本原因在于整个电力行业产能过剩,主要是火电项目核准权由国家发改委下放地方后,煤电建设在产能已经过剩的情况下并未放缓。由于投资惯性的作用,煤电产能过剩风险仍在进一步加剧。而据中国电力企业联合会统计,2016年全国火电设备平均利用小时已降至4165小时,为1964年以来最低水平,比上年度降低199小时。

水火“冤家”如何解

记者近期在川、渝、滇、黔等西南四省市调研时发现,不仅煤与电有“死循环”难解,水电、火电更是一对“冤家”。但随着全国性电力需求增速放缓,无论是水电还是火电,当前的发展都极为困难,这进一步凸显了能源供给侧改革的急迫性。

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