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住房市场限购限售限贷“短效机制”或成新长效机制

2017-04-24 17:57:41   经济参考报

然而,历史的选择是,我们已然建立了以商品房为主导的城市住房模式。商品房已经成为中国住房供应的主体,经济适用房退而成为专供低收入者的保障用房。1998年6月,国务院发布《关于进一步深化城镇住房改革加快住房建设的通知》(国发〔1998〕23号),提出“1998年下半年开始停止住房实物分配,逐步实行住房分配货币化”,“停止住房实物分配后,新建经济适用住房原则上只售不租”。这标志着沿袭数十年的福利住房政策为住房有限商品化所取代,建立以经济适用房为主的多层次城镇住房供应体系成为住房改革的目标。但随后的政策取向,又导致经济适用房模式被商品房模式所取代。中国商品住房销售呈爆发性增长的态势,居民购房欲望始终十分强烈,房地产业迅速上升为国民经济支柱产业。借助市场力量,大多数城镇居民家庭的住房条件也得到了长足改善。但在住房市场大发展的同时,也产生了一些突出的负面效应,如房价飞涨、住房投机盛行及泡沫堆积等,受到各方的批评。

在商品房成为中国住房供应主体的今天,重构经济适用房制度已经不具备条件。但另一方面,限购、限贷、限售政策的大行其道,却又无形中起到使商品房经济适用房化的功效。历史的选择总是充满了戏剧性,在房价暴涨的倒逼下,新加坡式经济适用房制度正借道调控政策在大城市悄然回归。深入分析可以发现,经过严格的限购、限贷、限售后,中国大城市商品房和新加坡式经济适用房的界限已经非常模糊。新加坡式经济适用房区别于普通商品房的主要特征,在于它的有限市场及购买数量限制。有限市场指的是,新加坡式经济适用房只有符合条件的特定人群才能购买,尽管这个符合条件的特定人群已经涵盖了大多数在当地生产生活的家庭。购买数量限制则表现为每个家庭只能申购二次,同时只能持有一套。虽然新加坡式经济适用房也存在二级市场,但有限市场及购买数量使得它的价格受到制约,从而保证了普通居民能够有能力买得起。而反观中国大城市限购限售后的商品房,与新加坡式经济适用房在经济属性上并无本质差异。同样只能出售给特定资格人群,同样只能持有限定套数。至于需要持有一定年限才能上市的限售政策,则是直接借鉴了新加坡的经济适用房政策。新加坡式经济适用房由政府直接供给,而中国的商品住房土地也由政府直接供应,只是建设环节借助了市场力量。

也许,限购、限售和限贷这些所谓的“短效机制”,才是历史选择的中国大城市楼市新长效机制。这也是大城市住房市场始终无法摆脱它们的真正原因。我们需要做的,是在法治框架下,对这些政策作进一步的规范化和制度化。要避免行政权力被滥用,强化执行监督,保证它们的公平性和适用性。这样,我们可能就不用再苦苦等待“长效机制”的推出了。(作者单位:中国社科院财经战略研究院 邹琳华)

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