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监管层去杠杆 “债牛”跌下神坛

2016-12-28 11:10:18   

“如果按照发行的规模主体来计算,公募市场年度违约率从2014年的0.07%进一步上升到2015年的0.45%,今年11月底已经达到0.56%。在债券市场信用风险继续恶化的同时,不同类型企业的信用风险分化趋势也比较明显。”中诚信国际董事长闫衍表示。

他分析称,从大部类来看,平台企业和产能过剩行业信用风险呈现两极分化,目前仅城投债未发生违约,相对于产业而言,违约的风险较小。另外,在去产能的大背景下,钢铁、煤炭、有色、化工、装备制造等产能过剩的行业仍然是违约和级别下调的重灾区。

一面是层出不穷的兑付危机,一面却是巨量的发行规模。Wind资讯数据显示,截至12月21日,今年以来全市场共发行28274只各类债券,规模高达35.5万亿元,较去年的16258只22.6万亿,环比大增57.1%。而在今年发行的债券之中,有22782只25.5万亿的债券为A级以下评级,规模上超全年发行的七成。

需要指出的是,巨量的发行导致天量的到期。“2017年债券市场将有4.3万亿债券到期,如果考虑未来一年内有新的短融和超短融发行,我们预估明年年底之前实际要到期的债券规模将超过5.5万亿。”闫衍表示。不过,闫衍也坦言,在经济下行的周期中,债券市场违约从国际市场看是一个普遍的现象。

前瞻 复苏基础并不牢靠

对于近期债券市场的“哀鸿遍野”。有业内专家认为,最直接的因素在于资金紧张。而监管层和学界则将矛头指向大肆抬高杠杆的金融机构,因为加杠杆,流动性收紧后直接导致了跌势成倍扩大。

对此,渤海银行张帅分析,此轮债市流动性收紧主要受两方面因素影响。一方面,美联储的加息预期不断增强直至加息落地,对我国流动性冲击非常大;另一方面,在经济数据不断释放利好的过程中,央行主动加强金融风险预期管理,从8月重启14天和28天逆回购开始,央行开始“锁短放长”,通过调整资金投放期限,引导市场机构降低杠杆,并通过公开市场操作来实施流动性的主动管理。银监会也不断升级监管力度,近期又将表外理财纳入MPA考核,也旨在降低金融杠杆。

“从10月以来市场资金已经开始出现紧张,国庆假期结束,DR007利率一路上行,到10月24日,到2.66%。而这一波的上行是从11月2日开始。商业银行和政策银行的资金拆出量也出现快速的降低,8月资金拆出约有9.6万亿,9月下降到8.68万亿,10月锐减到5.28万亿,11月只有2.56万亿。存款类机构流动性似乎出现了持续性的紧张状态,如此,处于资金市场下游的非银机构,资金成本上行压力必然会更大。”中信建投宏观债券首席分析师黄文涛表示。

不过,需要指出的是,12月1日,10年期国债活跃券160010和160017双双突破3%关口。值得关注的是,12月1日资金面出现了明显改善,当天下午隔夜利率回落至2.5%以下,7天回购利率回落至3%以下,但债券收益率却加速上行,资金面的缓和并未成为债市的救星。

对此,九州证券全球首席经济学家邓海清表示,近期的资金面偏紧背后存有央行的意图。他认为,货币市场超级宽松的时代已经结束,之后“资产荒”将彻底消失。2017年10年期国债中枢将回到3.1%。

中信证券首席债券分析师明明也认为,目前市场复苏基础并不牢靠,春节前债市仍不可掉以轻心。“本轮债市的调整起源于去杠杆,在资金面紧张、恐慌情绪等利空因素的共同作用下,债市遭遇踩踏行情,长端收益率明显上行。目前从盘中来看,无论是资金成本还是国债期货均波动剧烈,当前‘纠偏’仍未结束。”明明预测,叠加年底资金面季节性紧张以及海外压力,短期内债市料将呈现震荡行情。

(责编:孙阳、杨迪)

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