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世界经济复苏受到各类风险威胁的程度有所提升。英国脱欧引发全球金融市场动荡,对主要经济体宏观经济政策造成冲击。这对经济全球化和欧盟经济一体化进程都将带来重大影响,导致全球经济金融环境更加复杂。不仅如此,经济失衡引发系列发展问题,地缘政治冲突、大国插手热点地区和热点问题、传统安全和非传统安全问题加剧。这些问题相互纠缠、互为因果,成为全球经济脆弱性增强的重要因素。
难点:货币政策转向前景艰难 保护主义喧嚣威胁增长
国际金融危机爆发至今,深层次的影响仍在持续。发达经济体持续宽松的货币政策颓势尽显,但由于经济增长不及预期,货币政策转向在这一年尤为艰难。全球经济复苏缓慢和市场需求低迷,特别是发展的包容性不足,使一些国家的反全球化思潮有所滋长。这两方面问题值得关注,也是当前世界经济复苏缓慢的两大难题。
其一,发达经济体货币政策转向艰难。由于经济增长迟迟不及预期,美国时隔一年之后才再度启动加息;欧洲央行虽然延续了宽松政策的基本框架,但也表示将视通货膨胀变化情况作出调整,为货币政策转向留下了口子;日本虽然声称对经济前景表示乐观,但年底维持宽松政策的决定是其经济困局的折射。
需要警惕美国加息预期变化对全球经济的冲击。中国社科院世界经济与政治研究所日前发布报告指出,自2016年11月以来,国际市场对美联储加息预期逐渐增强,国际资本又开始大规模流出新兴经济体,并流向美国,导致美元指数迅速攀升,其他国家的货币,尤其是新兴经济体的货币大幅度贬值。“这种状况将随着美国经济的反复波动及加息预期的变化而反复出现,国际金融市场也将因此而出现反复动荡。”
其二,随着世界经济增长显著放缓,全球贸易保护主义倾向日益严重。IMF警告称,贸易保护主义升温最终将拖累世界经济发展。形成这种局面的原因,一方面是一些发达国家没有摆脱传统的依靠金融和投资扩张来应对危机的办法,导致新旧动能转换难以接续,增长动力衰减,市场需求不振、金融风险累积;另一方面是经济全球化的收益没有惠及这一进程的所有参与者,一些国家特别是发展中国家的民众被排除在经济全球化带来的收益之外,也促使孤立主义和反对全球化的思潮盛行。尤其需要警惕美国当选总统特朗普竞选过程中承诺的保护主义政策,一旦全部或者部分实施,将对外部世界造成不利影响,并有可能引发全球范围内保护主义政策密集出台,从而造成世界经济增长率进一步下降。
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