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美经济开启特朗普时代的摇滚之路

2016-12-27 11:09:24   

按照特朗普的想法,希望经济增速实现3.5%以上的水平,那么与目前的增速相比需要大幅提升1.5个百分点左右,所需的财政刺激计划的规模可想而知。有分析认为,减税和财政措施预计都将加重政府债务负担,必须面对政府债务已经高企的现实;美国目前债务规模的攀升趋势未改,未来人口老龄化和利率增加带来的利息支出上升,都将导致债务水平上升,2017年美国或将面临债务上限再次上调。

据美联储数据,美国联邦政府债务规模已经占国内生产总值77%,这一比例将继续抬升。《澳大利亚金融评论报》说,除非国会共和党人压制住特朗普的财政雄心,否则美国将面临债务爆炸的局面。

同时,美联储12月14日时隔一年再次启动加息,并释放出明年加快加息进程的信号。分析指出,利率上升将导致政府举债融资的成本上升,加息进程提速还将帮助推动美元持续走强,特朗普的主要贸易主张包括反对《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(TPP),实施贸易保护和鼓励制造业回流,但美元走强不利于出口增长和制造业回归。12月14日美联储宣布加息之后,美元指数一度大涨1.3%至102.2,创下14年新高。

特朗普的经济政策承诺对外界信心的影响显著,但是能否顺利推行还面临众多不确定性。美联储主席耶伦在12月14日宣布加息决议后的新闻发布上表示,一些美联储官员在更新加息预测时考虑了明年美国财政政策转变的因素,但现在判断财政政策将如何变化以及对美国经济影响如何还为时过早。她认为,当前美国并不需要财政刺激政策来帮助美国回到充分就业水平。耶伦还表示,无论国会还是白宫的决策者,都应考虑到目前的债务情况。

经济增长仍难提速

以当前美国经济政策和走势来看,美国经济增速恐将难以实现显著的提升。随着美国经济持续复苏,经济越接近充分就业水平,新增就业和经济增速都将进一步向长期趋势靠拢,增速会进一步放缓。据计算,新增非农就业人数维持17万人的水平,再过12个月,美国失业率就能降至4.5%;现有政策下,美国经济增速将回落至2%水平。

同时,虽然特朗普的财政主张大幅提振了外界对于美国经济增长的预期,但不少人士认为,特朗普上台后要更多考虑政策的可操作性,财政和减税措施能在多大程度上帮助提振经济有待观察,而且这些措施可能需要等到明年下半年或者2018年才能起到实际效果。

从长期来看,美国经济增长潜力很大程度上由劳动生产率决定。数据显示,2010年以来平均每年增幅不到0.5%,远低于2003年至2007年年均2.5%的增长水平,非农部门劳动生产率还在出现下滑。受劳动生产率下滑和人口老龄化等因素的影响,美联储预计未来数年美国经济潜在增长率为1.6%至2.2%,国会预算办公室预计为2%,远低于历史平均水平。

自11月特朗普当选以来,耶伦一直强调财政政策必须提振生产率。美联储副主席费希尔也表示,美国当选总统特朗普的政策目前存在很大不确定性,不过政府采取有助于提高生产率的财政政策可以提高美国经济潜力,降低经济对货币政策的依赖。费希尔说,低利率环境和生产率增速下降是美国经济面临的两大长期挑战。

(责编:孙阳、夏晓伦)

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