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美国《华尔街日报》12月21日文章,原题:把工作从中国弄回?在深圳,他们没那么担心特朗普威胁将强令苹果和其他企业在美本土生产。深圳理应为此害怕,毕竟世界许多高科技装置产于这座中国城市。但此间许多企业高管表示并不担心。在他们看来,让这处当年的穷乡僻壤变成如今高楼林立的经济力量太强大了,根本不可能倒退回去。即便特朗普真如他威胁的那样对中国产品加征关税,深圳如今对电子产品的设计、生产及出货效率很高,仍能在竞争中胜过美国。
在这里,企业操心的不是特朗普,而是如何在达尔文式的全球商业竞争中生存。深圳基本上是全球化赢家,但也受到竞争力量冲击。2010年以来工资水平上升后,许多曾经兴旺的服装和玩具工厂,转移到成本更低的中国其他地区和越南等国。现在,部分消费电子产品企业也在迁离。还有的企业用机器人替代人工以削减劳动成本。
深圳的全球竞争力有其局限性。但这个城市以前就挺过了经济变迁。据统计,近年来这座城市经济平均增长13%,高于全国水平。
深圳的优势在于组装智能手机和其他装置。这里的工程师大军受过高等教育,他们使深圳成为研发样品的全球中心。风投家邓肯·特纳说,在美国需要数周才能做出的产品模型,在深圳一天就能做好,且成本只需一小部分,“众所周知,在深圳做东西既便宜又好。现在,想做样品的都到这里来。”
2015年深圳经济中制造业等产业所占比例下降7个百分点,而信息技术和研发相关产业增长3个百分点。这种转变不难看出。在市郊的制造业区,越来越多厂房闲置。同时,流光溢彩的办公大楼在高科技区不断冒出。依靠设计和品牌的具有全球竞争力的公司正在这里扎根。深圳的企业主说,美国提高关税会加速这里已然开始的发展趋势。深圳的工厂可能在离开——但它们是前往中国的低工资省份,而非美国。(作者约翰·莱昂斯,陈俊安译)
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