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楼市2016:从惊心动魄到转危为安

2016-12-26 10:52:18   

2016年1-9月份楼市局部过热及其一系列问题的产生,是在固有的制度漏洞之下购房者、开发商、金融机构、中介等市场主体以及政府部门基于利益追求和心理预期开展合作博弈的结果。第一,经济下行、人民币贬值、资产荒、实体经济不景气与城市分化是引发楼市局部过热的重要环境条件。第二,驱动全社会支持或从事房地产投资投机的利益机制是导致楼市局部过热的深层根源。第三,市场主体合作博弈是楼市局部过热的整体原因。第四,巨量资金导入是楼市局部过热的主要源头。第五,“地王”频出是引起楼市过热与恐慌的直接原因。第六,地方政府消极调控是房价暴涨和市场恐慌的重要原因。

针对局部火热的楼市,2016年10月热点城市政府相继发起了一场密集而短促的楼市“阻击战”,各地将限购作为调控政策主轴,选择重启限购的政策模式。通过细化限购标准、提升二套房首付比例、扩大土地供给、进行预期管理、打击严重扰乱房地产市场秩序的行为等多种有力手段,快速有效地稳定了楼市,使热点城市楼市普遍降温。此次楼市调控主要表现以下几大原则:第一,中央监控,地方调控;第二,局部调控,整体不动;第三,抑制投机,保护消费;第四,一城一策,分区调控;第五,统一行动,集体出击;第六,边调边看,逐步完善。但是,本次调控在治本性政策与制度方面存在一定的不足:第一,炒房经济激励机制没有改变;第二,政府内部调控机制有待健全;第三,土地政策不够给力;第四,金融清查没有开展;第五,相应的财税调控政策没有出台;第六,限购政策作用有限。总之,本轮调控的政策原则具有精准性与协同性,政策措施具有短期性与行政性。

展望2017年,总体上,楼市将延续新一轮短期调整,但有不确定性。时间上,调整将持续一年左右。预计全国销售价格增幅将逐步回落,个别时间段也有可能出现价格回落。2016年全年的销售额及增幅都将创历史新高。2016年以后的几个月将延续库存减少的势头,2017年去库存压力将再次有所加大。投资在2016年有望保持在5%以上,在2017年年初经过波动后,全年可能会稍低于2016年的水平。空间上,市场调整也将呈现差异化的趋势。一、二线热点城市未来调整幅度可能将相对稍大。由于采取的政策有差别,市场反应程度和调整幅度将有所差异。但由于供求缺口大,预计2017年的投资将会增加。而三、四线及以下城市前期回升有限,未来回调幅度也将不大,预计投资增幅回落幅度可能会超过销售增长回落幅度。与此同时,需要警惕调整没有到位过热仍在继续、调整过速过猛、调整出现逆转等未来的市场不确定性。

(倪鹏飞 沈立 丁如曦 作者单位:中国社科院财经战略研究院《中国住房发展报告》课题组)

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