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权威解读:税减了,企业为何还觉得负担重

2016-12-23 10:01:10   

我们很多城市的地价,这些年来是打着滚地往上翻,上涨几倍甚至十几倍。制造企业投资建厂,成本会增加一大块。

电价为什么比美国贵?“电价高,一个主要原因是电价上附加的‘费’多,能不贵吗?”一位电力业内人士坦言。

电价里附加了多少“费”?记者搜索发现,电价附加的费,全国性的就有国家重大水利工程建设基金、可再生能源电价附加等5项。此外,还有各种部分地方性基金。

说起对企业的收费,这些年确实不少。有的项目虽然原来就有,但收费总额增加。比如,企业需要缴纳教育附加、“五险一金”、残疾人就业保障基金、工会费等等。

以残保金为例,根据一些地方的规定,按照本地区职工年平均工资计算交纳比例,一般是1.7%左右,专项用于残疾人就业。但一些企业反映,当地残疾人劳动力资源不足,就业保障金变相成了“为了收费而收费”。这项基金政府收上来后,很多地方发现收得太多根本用不完,只能“趴在账上睡大觉”。后来,政府对资金的用途作出改变,规定可以由财政根据需要调剂使用。

“这样一来,资金虽然盘活了,但企业的负担却没有降。”中国社会科学院财经战略研究院院长助理张斌认为,残疾人就业本来就是政府公共服务的一部分,再另收一笔保障费,有没有这个必要?类似的还有教育附加,教育也是政府应该提供的基本公共服务,长期单收这笔费用是否合理?最难办的是,这些费都是合法收取的,而且从这些费的名称上看,哪一个都很重要。这些“费”就像一根根稻草,都压在企业身上就显得太重了。

三问:企业成本怎么降?

中央经济工作会议提出,2017年要继续深化供给侧结构性改革,深入推进“三去一降一补”,降成本仍是五大任务之一。着力振兴实体经济,更是把发展实体经济上升到了一个新高度。

“现在制造业的利润,差不多也就是5%左右,这费那费一多,企业很难承受。降成本,首先要把费降下来。”全国政协委员、会计审计学家张连起介绍,他的团队对企业进行过多次调研,不少企业负责人对财务并不是很懂,容易把税收和其他收费混为一谈。但不管怎样,当前企业负担不轻、综合成本不低是不争的事实。企业要利用好营改增政策,把一些原来在集团内部的研发、设计等产业剥离、分立出来,尽量延长增值税的抵扣链,让减税的红利充分释放。

国家税务总局税收科学研究所所长李万甫认为,国家应加快清费立税进程,切实将适合税收形式征缴的收费项目、基金项目改为税收。在明晰政府事权和规范政府支出的前提下,控制政府规模膨胀,减少政府对社会资源的强制占有和使用的份额。

同时,着力把握好减税降负主基调,为刺激企业投资增长、增加居民收入水平以及扩大消费能力,预留空间。妥善处理好政府与市场以及相互间资源占有和分配使用的关系,发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,为企业和市场松绑,为经济发展增添活力。

“中央经济工作会议已明确,要在减税、降费、降低要素成本上加大工作力度。这相当于给了大家一颗定心丸。”刘尚希表示,从长远来看,减税仍有必要。但减税相对容易,更难的是推动经济社会改革,这才是降低企业负担的根本出路,也是更加艰巨的任务。

记者 李丽辉

(责编:乔雪峰、夏晓伦)

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