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发达国家如何破除“邻避效应”(国际视野)

2016-12-21 10:06:16   

另一位专家尼古拉·马歇蒂表示,应对“邻避效应”,必须采取多种形式让公众参与核电站的选址、设计、生产直到核废料处理等各个环节。除了核安全局,法国还设有“地方信息委员会”“公众信息中心”等,争取公众的理解、支持与监督。

1981年,法国政府颁布行政令,规定核电运营企业与周边居民根据自愿原则开展交流,负责监督安全运营和信息透明,据此核设施“地方信息委员会”应运而生。2006年6月,法国颁布《核电安全与信息透明法令》,赋予“法国核安全局”独立的行政机构法律地位,将“地方信息委员会”纳入法律范畴并保证了资金来源。法令对核信息透明的定义是“为保证公众获得可靠的核安全信息而采取的全部措施”。核电站任何排放界限的改变与取样变化均需征求公众意见,所有核电站必须向公众提供有关水质取样、核废料及环境监督的信息。每个核电站均拥有“公众信息中心”,核电站周边环境监督综合报告必须每月在所属核电企业的官网公布以备查。每个核电站要撰写有关环境监督的年度完整报告,即“核信息透明与安全报告”,并递交“地方信息委员会”。

日本福岛核事故发生后,盖洛普国际调查机构对47个国家所做调查表明,邻避效应并未因此普遍化。其中10个国家受福岛核事故影响较小,大部分公众仍赞成核电,包括美国和法国。8个国家大部分公众之前支持核电,福岛核事故后反对核电。法国民调机构“舆论之路”今年3月公布的调查结果显示,约62%的法国民众对核电持欢迎态度,认为不应放弃发展核电。上述结果,与法国坚持核信息透明化、核设施决策分权化、不断完善核安全措施有关。

化工园安民有道

管克江张放

德国中部萨克森—安哈特州萨勒县县长办公室的墙上,一张化工厂的大幅夜景照格外醒目。县长弗兰克·班内特说,悬挂道达尔公司这家炼油厂的照片,一是因为它是该县纳税大户,创造大量工作岗位,二是照片真实体现了化工企业应有的整洁面貌。

萨克森—安哈特州是德国传统化工基地,萨勒县辖内有两个化工园区、上百家化工企业。“很多居民就在化工企业上班。这些化工企业是我们生活的一部分。”班内特说,居民们早已对化工企业的存在习以为常。过去20多年中,当地也没有一家化工企业发生过严重的安全生产事故或污染问题。

作为土生土长的萨勒县人,班内特清楚地记得当年河水脏得养不活一条鱼、一下雨屋顶就往下淌黑水的情形。两德统一后,政府开始下大力气整治化工企业、严格生产标准,关停煤化工厂。

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