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核心技术缺乏 高端装备制造痛失海外定价权

2016-10-31 15:49:36   经济参考报

此外,国际制造业巨头带来的压力比较明显。以轨道交通国际市场为例,近几年,西门子、庞巴迪等国际制造巨头纷纷选择在东南亚等人工成本低的地区建厂生产,在降低人力成本提升产品竞争力的同时,也提升了在中高端市场上与我方竞标的成功率。

老问题交织遭遇发展瓶颈

轨道交通、核电等企业负责人普遍有一个共识:在经过了十几年的探索期之后,我国高端装备制造“走出去”正在面临新老问题交织的风险。其中,新问题包括国际巨头“打压”手段变多、“价格战”优势进一步缩小,老问题集中在核心技术缺失、对国际标准不适应、人才支撑能力差等方面。

尽管高铁、核电等高端装备具备“走出去”实力,但在核心技术领域与国际一流水平存在差距,特别是一些关键零部件和原材料,国内很难达到配套要求。很多人表示,由于在核心零部件等领域不具备定价权,经常被国际巨头“牵着鼻子走”。

今年7月初,围绕出口新加坡产品出现的问题,中车四方股份公司发布情况说明,原因是原材料出现质量问题,将进行返厂维修处理。这是我国轨道交通走向海外出现的问题之一。

此外,国内企业海外拓展市场时的恶性竞争仍然存在。例如,参加国际市场开发的国内电力企业有上百家,几乎每个项目都有一批国内企业在恶性竞争。2015年印尼一家企业招标,排在前面的都是中国公司,一家比一家价格低,最低报价比成本价还低。

这些年来,国际标准阻挠是我国高端装备“走出去”一直面临的瓶颈。以轨道交通及核电为例,国内标准和国外标准难以“对标”,国家之间缺少行业标准互相认可,造成“走出去”遇到各式各样的标准。为了符合目标国家要求,必须不断适应和熟悉新标准,这又会大大提高“走出去”的成本。而我国标准这些年一直未得到世界认可,推广工作进展一般。

提升竞争力抢抓机遇期

很多企业负责人及行业专家建议,内外压力增大加剧了高端装备“走出去”的难度,应加快从形成竞争合力、标准化建设、培养专业化人才入手,同时加大核心技术研发力度,全方位提升高端装备走出去竞争力。

一是打造竞争力强的国际品牌。例如,北车和南车合并后,大大提高了海外竞争力,为其他国内高端装备制造行业提供了有益借鉴。对于不易整合的国内高端装备行业,可通过搭建“走出去”产业联盟,提高国际市场竞争力。要从单纯的产品输出转向产品、资本、管理“组团”输出,探索多种形式的工程项目投融资模式,提升管理能力,完善投融资的风险防范和控制体系。对于轨道交通等已经形成合力的行业,要继续完善统一协调规划,不断提升品牌国际影响力。同时,做好海外工程项目和出口产品的售后服务工作,全面提升服务水平。

二是推动我国标准“走出去”。一方面通过政策引导,加大对标准化研究的投入,提高企业在制定标准中的积极性;另一方面提高我国高端装备制造标准的国际化程度,逐渐让中国标准走向国际。同时加快制定相关法律法规,提高企业“走出去”应对纠纷和摩擦等冲突的主动性。

三是加大核心技术研发和专业人才培养。通过优惠政策刺激等方式,提高企业研发积极性,同时也鼓励企业通过海外并购获得核心技术。从体制机制创新和国际化人才培养着手,继续探索企业与职业高校共同培养人才、企业内部“大师工作坊”等多种方式,建立外派海外人才和外聘海外本地人才培养、激励等管理制度,不断夯实高端装备走出去的人才基础。

四是加快转变营销理念,完善竞标鼓励机制。在走向中高端市场中,随着竞标难度越来越大,投入成本也不断提高。为了降低风险,很多企业在拿到项目前不愿投入太多资金,这就降低了竞标成功率。与民营企业相比,国企在这方面更显保守。很多业内人士建议,应积极引导企业完善竞标鼓励机制,不断提升走出去的竞标本领和成功率。

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