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中国出台“银行业法”正当其时

2016-06-29 13:38:01   清华金融评论

文/清华大学国家金融研究院《商业银行法》修法研究课题组

中国 《商业银行法》 亟待进行一次全面的修订和完善。本文建议, 《商业银行法》 的修定应从“机构立法”向“行为立法”转型。在“银行业法”立法条件已经基本具备之际,其核心内容应界定“银行业”的概念、建立银行“牌照”体系,并且统一银行业规范要求。

《商业银行法》是中国规范银行业法律关系的“基本法”,出台迄今已有20余年。自20世纪90年代中期以来,该法为巩固中国金融体制改革成果、保障商业银行长期健康发展发挥了重要作用。但随着国内外金融市场的发展变化,该法在立法理念、立法原则和一些具体规定上暴露出诸多不足,亟待进行一次全面的修订和完善。在这项工作中,需要首先解决的问题是:如何确定修法基本定位?是保留现行以“商业银行”为单一视角的法律架构,还是将整个“银行业”纳入规范范围?如果对银行业进行整体立法,应当包括哪些主要内容?本文拟对上述问题进行初步探讨。

我国银行业法制面临的主要问题

(一)基本法律的统领地位弱化

《商业银行法》作为中国银行业市场的“基本法”,其基础性的规范意义存在明显不足。第一,适用主体覆盖不足。《商业银行法》的条文基本上是针对商业银行设定的,汽车金融公司、消费金融公司、企业集团财务公司等从事特定范围银行业务的金融机构面临组织法缺位的状况。政策性银行本不属于《商业银行法》规范的主体范围,但由于长期无专门立法,导致其和商业银行在竞争性业务中面临不同的法律环境。此外,银行业监管机构对“银行业金融机构”的口径的界定也早已超出《商业银行法》的适用主体范围。

第二,市场行为覆盖不足。《商业银行法》规范的市场行为受限于两种因素:一是主体限定为商业银行,导致商业银行以外的银行业金融机构的市场行为缺乏相应法律规范,例如有限吸收存款、第三方支付、货币经纪、通过互联网等新技术手段经营银行业务等行为不在立法规范之列;二是受制于立法时的经济金融环境,《商业银行法》的一些规定滞后于银行业金融机构的经营实践,近年来出现的一些新的业务类型缺少相应法律规范。而且,随着银行业市场的发展完善,《商业银行法》的规范功能将更为弱化。

第三,监管规则的地位“隐性”上升。理论上讲,银行业市场对规则的诉求是客观存在的,但是由于基本法律统领地位的弱化,银行业监管规则不断出台,在很大程度上承担了弥补法律规范缺位的功能,其对银行业金融机构具有更为直接的规范作用。如果不对银行业“基本法”的覆盖范围和规范功能进行有效拓展,监管规则“隐性”取代法律规范的格局可能会日益明显。

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