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德国大选稳中有变,未来不确定性或可掀波澜

2017-09-21 13:57:21   国际在线

默克尔与舒尔茨

极右翼的德国选择党在反难民的旗帜下趁机做大,是民心变化的更重要体现。该党在德国地方选举中接连有所斩获,在有些州甚至取得了第二大党的位置。目前的大选民调中,德国选择党以11%左右的支持率位列第三,自其2013年成立以来第一次获得了进入联邦议会的现实可能性。这将改变德国议会两大三小的传统政党格局。从它的选民来源来看,它对此前放弃选举的选民来说有很强的动员能力,也分流了支持联盟党、社民党与左翼党的左右翼选票。

随着默克尔难民政策的调整,国内不满情绪逐渐缓和,其亮眼的经济成绩和务实稳健的作风依然聚合了多数选民的认同,加之德国社会对纳粹主义的深刻反思和警惕,这次大选中德国政党结构保持着大体稳定的格局。

来自未来的阴影

根据最新的民调,默克尔领导联盟党将获得38%左右的选票,大幅领先第二位的中左翼社民党十五个百分点。默克尔的胜选几成定局。即使舒尔茨能够反超爆冷,其政策主张也不会有太大的变化。不过看似平静的德国政局并非阳光普照,未来的诸多不确定性仍然可能掀起波澜。

首先短期来看,无论何党胜出,大选之后都很可能面临和其他政党组阁的现实问题。自民党、绿党、左翼党以及右翼民粹主义政党德国选择党等小党目前支持率大概在8%至11%之间,都有望跨过5%的选票门槛进入联邦议会。面对极右翼纳粹政党的壮大,默克尔和舒尔茨都表示,绝对不会与德国选择党共同组阁。从意识形态立场来看,联盟党与左翼党合作可能性较低。从自民党或绿党的民调支持率来看,各自单独和联盟党组成两党联合政府的可能性也相对较低。延续联盟党和社民党合作的大联盟组合是最大的可能之一。但出于求变的考虑,两党高层也都曾否决了再次联合的选项。联盟党和自民党、绿党三方组成黑黄绿的执政联盟是另一个潜在的可能性,不过其稳定性就可能弱于两党的联合。

其次,德国选择党进入联邦议会将对德国内政外交带来现实的挑战。德国议会讨论内政和外交问题,协调并整合各利益集团的诉求,制定法律,控制财政预算,并在必要的时候对行政进行监督。德国选择党作为在野反对党会起到批评的作用,对立法和行政工作形成一定的掣肘。要根本上遏制极右翼政党的继续蔓延,主流政党都必须作出调整,回应其所代表的民心变化。特别是大量难民融入德国社会是一个艰巨而漫长的过程,德国的国内安全问题是民众目前最大的担忧,必须警惕可能的矛盾激化。

此外,极右翼政党和民粹主义在德国的前景很大程度上也取决于它未来的经济表现。在普遍相互依赖的时代后者也并非理所当然。一方面德国所领导的欧盟还远未摆脱多方面的困境,欧元区经济危机、难民危机、英国脱欧危机、以及乌克兰地缘政治危机都是突出的不稳定因素。另一方面,正在转型的国际秩序也面临着深刻的危机。德国的繁荣和安定得益于开放包容的自由国际秩序。然而种种迹象表明,特朗普鼓吹的经济保护主义对德国也存在着某种吸引力。最近它和法、意一起推动的欧盟外资审查机制只是众多例证之一。

默克尔长期以来体现出来的谦虚、克制和冷静被视为是德国性格的代表。但这可能远远不够。笼罩于未来的阴影说明了德国需要担负起稳中求变的责任。(吉磊 华东政法大学政治学研究院助理研究员)

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