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这是因为学习动机是一回事,但是动机能够推动学生坚持学习多长时间,却是另外一回事。通常来说,随着学习的进行和持续,学习动机的推动作用会逐渐减弱。能否坚持长时间的自主学习,其背后的力量将会从动机转移到意志力。因此,提高学生自主学习能力的第二个关键问题,就是坚定学生的学习信念。还以英语学习为例。由于长期受应试教育和传统教学模式的影响,大学生在英语学习过程中习惯把重点放在如何通过四级、六级、雅思、托福等考试上,而忽略了学习语言的根本是交际能力。
因此,英语老师要想办法改变学生的偏见,强调语言学习的特殊性,促使其在日常生活中加强英语的应用和训练,鼓励其大胆地去听和说。
明确了学习动机,坚定了学习信念,接下来还需要做第三步,那就是让学生充分体验到自主学习的乐趣。早在两千多年前,孔子就说过“知之者不如好之者”。但是最了解学生“所好”的不是老师,而是学生自己。老师的任务是帮助学生找到自己的兴趣点,推动他去兴致勃勃地学习。让学生从“要我学”转为“我要学”,从“辛苦学”变为“快乐学”。这对教师提出了非常高的要求,不仅要灵活运用多种教学方法,及时更新教学内容,还要:充分了解学生的个性,做到因材施教;与学生一起挖掘兴趣点,做到因需施教;创造轻松良好的学习与交流氛围,做到因地施教;把课堂教学与课外自主学习结合起来,做到因时施教。
因此,在学生的自主学习过程中,不仅学生要转变角色,老师也需要重新定位。老师不再是学习活动的主导者和主讲者,而是管理者和辅导者。这是第四个关键问题,需要学生与教师之间相互配合、协同作业。当然,这绝不是要全盘否定教师参与学习者的学习活动。相反,这要求教师更好地组织教学,更好地将学生的自主学习和课堂教学安排衔接起来,更好地提高学生的学习效率。我们要知道,学生从被动学习转为自主学习,由他人支配转为自我负责,并非一蹴而就,而是需要过程。在这个过程中,教师就像一个具有优秀经验的总导演,设计剧本和规划场景,帮助学生揣摩角色,支持他们扮演好自己的人生角色,成为一个独立自主的、以完成自我使命为目标的学习者。
《光明日报》( 2017年09月09日 07版)
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